Разведка и контрразведка США (с конца XVIII века и до наших дней)

677

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3477

678

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.

679

См.: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-136, Sec. 921 of title XI , Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1569.

680

См.: Pub. L. 107-108, title I, Sec. 105, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1397.

681

См.: Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2135.

682

См.: Pub. L. 107-296, , title II, Sec. 201(h), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2150.

683

См.: Pub. L 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.

684

См., например: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3462.

685

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-177, Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2601.

686

Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1073, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3693.

687

Структура разведывательного сообщества США приведена на электронном ресурсе Службы директора национальной разведки. : [сайт]. URL: .http://www.dni.gov/index.php/intelligence-community/members-of-the-ic#usaf (дата обращения: 15.07.2013)

688

Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §441, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.

689

Pub. L. 102–496, title VII, §702, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3188.

690

Memorandum of President of the United States, Apr. 21, 2005, 70 F.R. 23925

691

См.: Pub. L. 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656.

692

См.: Pub. L. 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.

693

См.: Pub. L. 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656. В 2010 году эта норма была отменена, ныне закон содержит лишь общее требование о размещении штаб-квартиры Службы директора в Вашингтоне. Pub. L. 111-259, Sec. 403, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.

694

Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1011(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3655.

695

National Security Act of 1947, sec. 102(3)(С).

696

Pub. L. 113–293, title III, §303(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3994.

697

Act of Apr. 4, 1953, ch. 16, 67 Stat. 19.

698

Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1011(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656.

699

См.: Johnson Loch K, Strategic Intelligence : Understanding the Hidden Side of Government Westport, Conn. : Praeger Security International, 2007. P. 229.

700

Central Intelligence Agency, A Consumer's Guide to Intelligence, OPAI 93-00092, September 1993, P. 24.

701

Central Intelligence Agency A Consumer's Guide to Intelligence, OPAI 93-00092, September 1993, P. 24.

702

Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 705(a)(3), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3190.

703

Counterintelligence Enhancement Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107–306, title IX, §902, Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2432

704

Pub. L. 115–31, div. N, title IV, §401(b)(1)–(5), May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 817, 818.

705

Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1011(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656.

706

Pub. L. 108–487, title III, §303(a)(1), Dec. 23, 2004,118 Stat. 3944.

707

Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §404, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.

708

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 405(a)(1), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.

709

См.: Inspector General Act of 1978, Pub. L 95-452, Oct.12 1978, 92 Stat. 1101.

710

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995, Pub. L. 103-359, title VI, Sec. 402, Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3423.

711

См.: Pub. L. 100-453, title V, Sec. 504, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1910.

712

Office of Inspector General Law Enforcement Act of 1990.

713

См.: Inspector General Reform Act of 2008, Pub. L. 103-359, Oct.14 2008, 122 Stat. 4302.

714

См.: Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 405(a)(1), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.

715

Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1021, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3672

716

Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §406(a), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2720.

717

Pub. L. 113–126, title III, §305(a), July 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 1395.

718

Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 705(a)(3), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3190.

719

Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1011(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3655.

720

Public Law 99-433. Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act.

721

NSC Intelligence Directive, No. 9, of July 1, 1948.

722

Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive № 2010 of May 20, 1949.

723

National Security Council Intelligence Directive 9, October 24, 1952.

724

US Senate Select Committee on Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence. Book I, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 26 April 1976, P. 325-355.

725

US Senate Select Committee on Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence. Book I, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 26 April 1976, P. 325-355.

726

House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, "Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1992," 102d Congress, 1st Session, Report 102-65, Part 1, 15 May 1991, P. 6-7.

727

DNI Announces the Declassification of the Existence of Collection Activities Authorized by President George W. Bush Shortly After the Attacks of September 11, 2001. [сайт]. URL: http://icontherecord.tumblr.com/post/70683717031/dni-announces-the-declassification-of-the (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).

728

См.: Letter from Attorney-General Alberto Gonzales to Senators Patrick Leahyand Arlen Specter. [сайт]. URL: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/politics/20060117gonzales_Letter.pdf. (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).

729

См.: Gellman, Barton & Poitras, Laura "US Intelligence Mining Data from Nine U.S. Internet Companies in Broad Secret Program". The Washington Post. June 6, 2013.

730

См.: Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. Report on the Surveillance Program Operated Pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance. [сайт]. URL: http://www.pclob.gov/All%20Documents/Report%20on%20the%20Section%20702%20Program/PCLOB-Section-702-Report-PRE-RELEASE.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).

731

Protect America Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-55, Aug. 5, 2007, 121 Stat. 552.

732

An Act to provide certain administrative authorities for the National Security Agency, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 86–36, §6, May 29, 1959, 73 Stat. 64.

733

Richelson Jeffrey The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger, Cambridge, 1989; Bamford James The Puzzle Palace, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, 1982; Gertz Bill Electronic Spying Reoriented at NSA, The Washington Times, 27 January 1992; More Changes at NSA, Federal Computer Week, 22 August 1994, P. 4.

734

House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, "Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1992," 102d Congress, 1st Session, Report 102-65, Part 1, 15 May 1991; US Senate Select Committee on Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence – Book I, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 26 April 1976, P. 325-355; Final Report on the Verification Inspection of the National Security Agency Inspector General Department of Defense Report No. IR96-03 – February 13, 1996.

735

Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §433, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.

736

Department of Defense Directive № 5100.20, 23 December 1971, "The National Security Agency and the Central Security Service,"

737

More Changes at NSA, Federal Computer Week, 22 August 1994, TheWeek.com: The NSA's secret org chart, September 15, 2013.

738

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189

739

См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189.

740

Richelson Jeffrey, The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1989. P. 27-29.

741

Richelson Jeffrey, The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1989. P. 29.

742

US Senate Select Committee on Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence – Book I, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 26 April 1976. P.117-119.

743

Richelson Jeffrey, The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1989. P. 27-29.

744

Cover letter from Defense Secretary Richard Cheney and Director of Central Intelligence William Webster, 26 February 1990, National Reconnaissance Office, "Report to the Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence Regarding NRO Restructure," 8 January 1990, declassified and released at the 10 August 1994. NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.

745

Senate Supplement to Report No. 101-78, 1989, abstracted in: Director of Central Intelligence, "NRO Westfields Facility", released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.

746

Cover letter from Defense Secretary Richard Cheney and Director of Central Intelligence William Webster, 26 February 1990, National Reconnaissance Office, "Report to the Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence Regarding NRO Restructure," 8 January 1990, declassified and released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.

747

Faga Martin C. Director, NRO, "Letter to David Boren, Chairman Senate Select Committee on Intelligence," 16 October 1992, abstracted in: Director of Central Intelligence, "NRO Westfields Facility", released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.

748

Gates Robert, Remarks to the Association of Former Intelligence Officers, Boston, MA, 14 November 1992.

749

Kiernan Vincent, NRO Streamlines to Cut Intelligence Bureaucracy, Space News, 7 December 1992, P. 1, 29.

750

National Reconnaissance Office, "Report to the Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence Regarding NRO Restructure," 8 January 1990. P. 42-45, released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.

751

Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Question for the Record, Fiscal Year 1993, Question 4, 19 May 1992, abstracted in: Director of Central Intelligence, "NRO Westfields Facility, released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.

752

Pub. L. 113–126, title IV, §411(a), July 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 1409.

753

Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title IX, §921(a), (g), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1568, 1570.

754

DoD Directive 5105.40

755

Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community, Chapter 11. Space Reconnaissance and the Management of Technical Collection, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996.

756

Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community, Space Reconnaissance and the Management of Technical Collection, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996. P.387.

757

Pub. L. 104-201, Section 1111-1118 of title XI of div. A, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2678.Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1997.

758

Pub. L. 104-201, div. A, title XI, Sec. 1112(a)(2), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2678.

759

Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title IX, §921(a), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1568.

760

Office of Inspector General, Commercial Office, Office of General Counsel.

761

Operational Directorate (Imagery Analysis Office, Customer Support Office, Information Services & Training Office, Central Imagery Tasking Office, Geospatial Information & Services Office).

762

Systems and Technology Directorate (Systems Office, Technology Office, Architecture & Requirements Office).

763

Corporate Affairs Directorate (Procurement & Contracts Office, National Imagery & Geospatial Policy Office, Human Resources Office, Mission Support Office, Congressional Affairs & Public Liaison Office, Plan, Programs & Analisis Office, Chief Financial Executive      ).

764

David Colley "Shadow Warriors": Intelligence Operatives Waged Clandestine Cold War, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine, September 1997, P.24.

765

McCullough, Amy, "ISR Agency Becomes 25th Air Force", Air Force Magazine: Journal of the Air Force Association, November 2014, Volume 97 No. 11, P. 22

766

A Brief History of Headquarters Marine Corps Staff Organization. Historical Division Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps, Washington D.C. 1970. Р.11,12.

767

Tactical intelligence and related activities: Report from the director of intelligence MajGen Harry W. Jenkins, Jr. Assistant Chief of Staff for Command and Control, Communications, Computer, and Intelligence. Р.3.

768

General Order № 292// General Orders and Circulars Issued by the Navy Department From 1863 to 1887. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1887. P. 208.

769

Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–53, title V, §502(а)(9), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 310.

770

Pub. L. 107-296, Sec. 307 (c)(2), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2168.

771

В настоящее время упразднен. Вместо него созданы две самостоятельные службы: Служба разведки и анализа министерства внутренней безопасности (The Office of Intelligence and Analysis of the Department of Homeland Security) и Служба защиты инфраструктуры (Office Of Infrastructure Protection) Pub. L. 110–53, title V, §§501(a)(2)(A), (b), 531(a), title X, §1002(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 309, 332, 374.

772

Pub. L. 107-296, Sec. 307 (c)(2), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2168.

773

См.: Executive Order № 13228, Oct. 9, 2001.

774

Pub. L. 107–296, title II, §201(h), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2149

775

Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–53, title V, §502(а)(9), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 310.

776

Pub. L. 110–53, title V, §§501(a)(2)(A), (b), 531(a), title X, §1002(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 309, 332, 374.

777

Pub. L. 112–87, §431. Pub. L. 112–87, title IV, §431, Jan. 3,2012, 125 Stat. 1894.

778

Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013, Pub. L. 112–277, title V, §501, Jan. 14, 2013, 126 Stat. 2476.

779

См.: Pub. L. 107-108, title I, Sec. 105, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1397.

780

См.: Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2135.

781

См.: Pub. L. 107-296, , title II, Sec. 201(h), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2150.

782

An Act to create the Coast Guard by combining therein the existing Life-Saving Service and Revenue-Cutter Service, Jan. 28, 1915, 38 Stat. 800.

783

Ottenberg, Miriam. The Federal Investigators. Englewood Cliffs,

Prentice-Hall, 1962.P.138.

784

An Act to regulate enlistments and punishments in the United States Revenue-Cutter Service, May 26, 1906, 38 Stat. 201.

785

Ottenberg Miriam. The Federal Investigators. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1962. P.136-137.

786

An act to define the jurisdiction of the Coast Guard, June 22, 1936, 49 Stat. 1865.

787

Supplementary Reports on Intelligence Activities. Book VI. Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Apr. 23, 1976. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1976. P. 227.

788

An act to amend and clarify certain Acts pertaining to the Coast Guard, and for other purposes, July 11, 1941, 55 Stat. 585.

789

Department of Transportation Act, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(b)(1), Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 938.

790

Pub. L. 107–295, title III, §301, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2102

791

Вторая адмиральская должность была введена в Береговой охране сравнительно недавно. См.: Pub. L. 114–120, title II, §201(a), Feb. 8, 2016, 130 Stat. 33.

792

Pub. L. 113–126, title III, §312, July 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 1399.

793

Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §441, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.

794

An Assessment of the Aldrich H. Ames Espionage Case and its Implications for US Intelligence, Hearings Before the Selective Committee on Intelligence of the U.S. Senate, 100th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington: Governmental Printing Office1994. -P.66.

795

Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995, sec. 811.

796

Под разведкой в законе понимается внешняя разведка и контрразведка. См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189.

797

Executive Order № 12333, sec. 1.3 (20)(A), Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.

798

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-177, Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2601.

799

Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §441, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.

800

An Act Making appropriations for the legislative, executive, and judicial expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, and for other purposes, May 10, 1916, 39 Stat., Ch. 117, 87.

801

An Act To provide for the registration of, with collectors of internal revenue, and to impose a special tax upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, sell, distribute, or give away opium or coca leaves, their salts, derivatives, or preparations, and for other purposes, Dec. 17, 1914, 38 Stat., Ch. 1, 785.

802

An Act To create a Bureau of Customs and a Bureau of Prohibition in the Department of the Treasury, March 3, 1927, 44 Stat., Ch. 348, 1381.

803

В 1984 году Конгресс трансформировал все президентские планы реорганизации, имевшие место до 19 октября 1984 года, в федеральные законы. Pub. L. 98–532, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2705.

804

Reorganization Plan № 2 of 1973, July 1, 1973, 38 F.R. 15932, 87 Stat. 1091, as amended Pub. L. 93–253, §1, Mar. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 50.

805

Intelligence program, Research, Engineering and Technical Operations program, Drug and Chemical Diversion Control program.

806

National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495.

807

Bowen Walter S. & Neal Harry Edward The United States Secret Service, Philadelphia and New York: Chilton Company. 1960, P. 13.

808

Executive Order № 12333 of 4 December 1981.

809

Pub. L. 108–177, title I, §105(d)(1), Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2603.

810

Transportation, Treasury, Independent Agencies, and General Government Appropriations Act, 2005, Pub. L.

108–447, div. H, title II, §222(b)(1), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3245.

811

Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, Pub. L. 95-91, 91 Stat. 565, Aug. 4, 1977.

812

National Security Council Intelligence Directive № 1 of December 12 1947.

813

The Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93-438, 88 Stat. 1233, Oct. 11, 1974.

814

Department of Energy Organization Act.

815

Department of Energy Order № 5670.3

816

Ibidem.

817

Order № 5670.3 § 8а.

818

Presidential Decision Directive № 61

819

Order № 5670.3 § 8b.

820

Order № 5670.3 § 7с.

821

Pub. L. 106–65, div. C, title XXXII, §3232, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 960.

822

President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, Foreword, Science At Its Best/Security At Its Worst, June 1999, P. I-II.

823

Cumming А. Intelligence Reform at the Department of Energy: Policy Issues and Organizational Alternatives, September 25, 2009.

824

Pub. L. 111–84, div. C, title XXXI, §3121, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2710.

825

Pub. L. 109–364, div. C, title XXXI, §3117(a)(2)(C), (c), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2507, 2508

826

См., например: An act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, June 1, 1796, ch. 41, 1 Stat.493.

827

См.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1845-1846 Friday, April 10, 1846. Washington: Printed by Ritchie & Heiss, 1846 P.657.

828

Подобное положения неоднократно подтверждалось в решениях Верховного Суда США, см, например.: Chicago & S. Airlines v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103 (1948).

829

См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.

830

См.: Chicago & S. Airlines v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103 (1948).

831

См.: Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).

832

См.: Wilcox v. McConnel, 13 Pet. (38 U.S.) 498, 513 (1839).

833

См.: United States v. Eliason, 16 Pet. (41 U.S.) 291 (1842), Wilcox v. McConnel, 13 Pet. (38 U.S.) 498, 513 (1839), Williams v. United States, 1 How. (42 U.S.) 290, 297 (1843).

834