Разведка и контрразведка США (с конца XVIII века и до наших дней)

529

См.: Smist Frank J. Congress Oversees the United States Intelligence Community, 1947-1994. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1994. P. 326.

530

См.: Presidential Directives / NSC 17, Aug. 4, 1977. [сайт]. URL: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB144/document%2014.pdf (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).

531

Bruce W. Watson, Susan M. Watson, and Gerald W. Hopple, United States Intelligence: An Encyclopedia, New York: Garland Publishing, 1990, P. 231.

532

См.: Executive Order № 12036, Jan. 24, 1978, 43 Fed. Reg. 3674.

533

См.: U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 2nd session, Select Committee on Intelligence, Recommendations of the Final Report of the House Select Committee on Intelligence, H. Rept. 94-833, February 11, 1976.

534

См.: U.S. Congress, Senate, 94th Congress, 2nd session, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence, Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976.

535

Mark M. Lowenthal, U.S. Intelligence: Evolution and Anatomy, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992, P. 107.

536

См.: Maroni Alice C. Special Access Programs and the Defense Budget: Understanding the “Black Budget», October 24, 1989. Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, 1989.

537

См.: Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 59941.

538

Classified Information Procedures Act of 1980, Pub. L. 96–456, 94 Stat. 2025.

539

Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97–200, §1, June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122

540

Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–433, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 992.

541

См., например: Congressional Record 102nd Congress (1991-1992), Edward Lee Howard (Senate – November 27, 1991). P. S18747. [сайт]. URL: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?r102:63:./temp/~r102I5uftF:e0: (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).

542

Senate, Report 99-522. Meeting the Espionage Challenge: Review of United States Counterintelligence and Security Programs. Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, Oct. 3 1986. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1986.

543

См.: A Counterintelligence Reader, Volume III: Post-World War II to Closing the 20th Century by National Counterintelligence Center and Frank J. Frank J. Rafalko. Sep 1, 2011. P. 303-304.

544

См.: Iran: the Tower Commission Report // Survival: Global Politics and Strategy. Volume 29, Issue 4, 1987.

545

Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Conta Affair with Supplemental, Minority, and Additional Views. U.S. House of Representatives Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran. U.S. Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1987.

546

U.S. Congress, 100th Congress, 1st session, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair with Supplemental, Minority, and Additional Views, S.Rept. 100-216/H. Rept. 100-433, November 17, 1987, P. 423-427.

547

Public Law 102-88, Intelligence Authorization Act for FY 1991.

548

U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, 103rd Congress, 1st session, Committee of Conference, Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1991, H. Rept. 102-166, July 25, 1991, p. 28.

549

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1990, Pub. L. 101-193, title VIII, Sec. 801, Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1711

550

Ibid., sec. 801 (a).

551

В данном случае автор имеет в виду тот факт, что все фундаментальные изменения в законодательстве, касающиеся вопросов организации и деятельности разведки, оформляются в виде поправок изменений и дополнений в Закон о национальной безопасности 1947 года. Прим. автора

552

См.: Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.

553

Ibid., Part 1 – Goals, Direction, Duties and Responsibilities with Respect to the National Intelligence Effort, 46 F.R. 59941.

554

Ibid., sec. 2.10 Human Experimentation; sec.2.11 Prohibition on Assassination, 46 F.R. 59941.

555

Ibid., Part 1 – Goals, Direction, Duties and Responsibilities with Respect to the National Intelligence Effort, sec. 1.4 The Intelligence Community.

556

Ibid., sec. 2.6 Assistance to Law Enforcement Authorities.

557

Ibid., Part 3 – General Provisions.

558

См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496.

559

См., например: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3477.

560

См.: Executive Order № 13284, Sec. 18, Jan. 23, 2003, 68 Fed. Reg. 4077.

561

См.: Executive Order № 13355, Secs. 2, 3, 6, Aug. 27, 2004, 69 Fed. Reg. 53593; Executive Order №. 13470, Secs. 1-4, July 30, 2008, 73 Fed. Reg. 45325.

562

См.: Act of Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, Sec. 2, 63 Stat. 579; Pub. L. 85-599, Sec. 2, Aug. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 514.

563

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Pub. L. 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992

564

См., например: Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 702, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3188; amended Pub. L. 103-359, title V, Sec. 501(a)(1), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3428; Pub. L. 104-201, div. A, title XI, Sec. 1122(b)(1), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2687; Pub. L. 107-56, title IX, Sec. 902, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 387; Pub. L. 107-108, title I, Sec. 105, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1397; Pub. L. 107-296, title II, Sec. 201(h), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2149; Pub. L. 107-306, title III, Sec. 353(a), Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2401; Pub. L. 108-136, div. A, title IX, Sec. 921(e)(1), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1569; Pub. L. 108-177, title I, Sec. 105(d)(1), Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2603; Pub. L. 108-458, title I, Secs. 1012, 1073, 1074(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3662, 3693, 3694; Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 441, title VIII, Sec. 804(1), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732, 2747; Pub. L. 112-87, title IV, Sec. 431, title V, Sec. 505(1), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1894, 1897.

565

President George Bush, News conference, 8 May 1991. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/bush.html (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).

566

President George Bush, Swearing-in ceremony of Robert Gates as DCI, 12 November 1991. [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=20208&st=central+intelligence&st1= (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).

567

См.: The New York Times, Sept.5, 1918. P.1.

568

См.: Act of June 22, 1932, ch. 271, 47 Stat. 326.

569

См., например: Act of July 18, 1934, To empower Certain Member of the Division of Investigation of the Department of Justice to Make Arrests in Certain Cases and for Other Purposes, 73d Congress, H.R. 9476.

570

См., например: Pub. L. 103-236, title III, Sec.306; Pub. L. 103-359, title VIII, Sec. 804; Pub. L. 104-293, title VI, Sec. 601.

571

См., например: Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-132, title VIII, Subtitle A, Sec. 810, 110 Stat. 1312.

572

См.: Justice Department Organized Crime and Drug Enforcement Enhancement Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100-690, title I, subtitle B, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4189.

573

См., например: Pub. L. 104-293, title VIII, Sec. 804, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3476.

574

См., например: Intelligence Community in the 21st Century, Staff Study Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, 104th Congress. Chapter XIII. Intelligence and Law Enforcement.

575

Department of Commerce, Justice and State, The Judiciary and related agencies, appropriations for 1996 Fiscal Year: Part 2: Department of Justice: Hearings before the Appropriation Committee, Hose of Representatives, 104th Congress, 2nd Session, P.869.

576

См.: An Act to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1997 for military activities of the Department of Defense, to prescribe military personnel strengths for fiscal year 1997, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 104-201, div. A, title XIV, Sec. 1402, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2715.

577

См.: Executive Order № 11905, Sec.4(b)(3), Feb. 18, 1976, 41 Fed. Reg. 7703.

578

The Intelligence Community in the XXI Century.

579

См., например: Cox Archibald Reflection upon Watergate. Brandies University. 1974, P.39.

580

См.: Intelligence Community in the 21st Century, Staff Study Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, 104th Congress. Chapter XIII. Intelligence and Law Enforcement.

581

См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1991, Oct . 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-88. Sec.703.

582

См.: An act making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 103-139, title VIII, Sec. 8056, Nov. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 1452.

583

См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, title I, Sec. 104(d), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3464.

584

См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 2003, Pub. L. 107-306, title V, Sec. 501. , Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2404.

585

См.: Executive Order № 12333, 1.6 Heads of Elements of the Intelligence Community. Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.

586

См.: President William J. Clinton, Central Intelligence Agency, 4 January 1994. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/clinton.html (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).

587

См.: The Vice President's National Performance Review – recommending a Biennial Budget Process: Hearing Before the Legislation and National Security Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session, October 7, 1993. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1994.

588

См.: Executive Order № 12863, Sept. 13, 1993, 58 Fed. Reg. 48441.

589

См.: John Gannon, Chairman of National Intelligence Council "Challenges to US Intelligence" , October 13 1997. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/1997/ddi_speech_101397.html (дата обращения: 11.07.2014).

590

См.: Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, The Director of Central Intelligence Annual Report, 22 August 1997. [сайт]. URL: http://fas.org/irp/cia/product/report-97.htm (дата обращения: 11.07.2014).

591

Ibid., Strategic Powers in Transition

592

Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community, Chapter 11. Space Reconnaissance and the Management of Technical Collection, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996.

593

См.: DOD Directive 5105.56, Central Imagery Office, May 6, 1992.

594

См.: Крючков В.А. Личное дело М.: Изд-во Эксмо, 2003. С. 184.

595

An Assessment of the Aldrich H. Ames Espionage Case and Its Implications for U.S. Intelligence: Report Prepared by the Staff of the Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate [84-046] Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994. P.53.

596

Ibid., P.65-66.

597

См.: Counterintelligence and Security Enhancements Act of 1994, Oct. 14, 1994, Pub. L.103-359, title VIII, 108 Stat. 3434.

598

Ibid., Sec. 802. Access to Classified Information.

599

Ibid., Sec. 803.

600

См.: Act to Combat International Terrorism of 1984, Pub. L. 98-533, title I, Sec. 101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2706.

601

См.: Sec. 3001 of Pub. L. 104-19.

602

См.: Pub. L. 98-533, title I, Sec. 101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2707.

603

См.: Pub. L. 98-533, title I, Sec. 101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2707; amended Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 45, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3601.

604

H.R.4165. National Security Act of 1992. [сайт]. URL: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.R.4165: (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).

605

Ibid., Sec. 141.

606

См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L.102-496, title VII, Sec. 704, 106 Stat. 3189.

607

См.: National Security Act of 1947, July 26, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495, as amended (50 U.S.C. 401 et seq.).

608

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189

609

См.: Pub. L. 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.

610

Право президента учреждать необходимые ему исполнительные органы и назначать должностных лиц, необходимых ему для реализации своих конституционных полномочий, неоднократно подтверждалось Верховным Судом США. См., например: Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).

611

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 103-359, title V, Sec. 501(a)(1), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3428)

612

Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community, Space Reconnaissance and the Management of Technical Collection, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996. P.387.

613

Pub. L. 104-201, Section 1111-1118 of title XI of div. A, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2678.Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1997.

614

Pub. L. 104-201, div. A, title XI, Sec. 1112(a)(2), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2678.

615

См.: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-136, Sec. 921 of title XI , Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1569.

616

См.: Pub. L. 107-108, title I, Sec. 105, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1397.

617

См.: Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2135.

618

См.: Pub. L. 107-296, , title II, Sec. 201(h), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2150.

619

См.: Pub. L 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.

620

См., например: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3462.

621

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-177, Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2601.

622

См.: Pub. L.103-359, title IX. Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community, Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3434.

623

См.: Preparing for the 21st century: An appraisal of U.S. intelligence : report of the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community. [сайт]. URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html (дата обращения: 11.07.2014).

624

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3477.

625

См.: National Security Act of 1947, sec.102.

626

См.: Pub. L. 104-293, title VIII, Sec. 805(a), 809(a), 810, 811, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3477, 3481, 3482.

627

The Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Collection, The Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Analysis and Production, The Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Administration.

628

50 US Code, Sec. 403 (d)(2).

629

National Security Act of 1947, sec. 102(b).

630

См.: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act of 2001, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 272.

631

Ibid., Sec. 901 and Sec. 905.

632

Ibid., Sec. 903.

633

Ibid., Sec. 904.

634

См.: Pub. L. 107-56, Sec. 902.

635

Ibid., Title II—Enhanced Surveillance Procedures, 115 Stat. 278.

636

См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-458, title I, Sec. 1012, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3662.

637

См.: USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109-177,Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 192.

638

См.: USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109-178,Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 278.

639

См.: Protect America Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-55, Aug. 5, 2007, 121 Stat. 552.

640

См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-261, July. 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2436.

641

См.: FISA Amendments Act Reauthorization Act of 2012 Pub. L. 112-238, Sec. 2, Dec. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 1631.

642

См.: Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 705(a)(3), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3192.

643

См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Public Law 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3638.

644

См.: Harry S. Truman: "Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities," January 22, 1946. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. [сайт]. URL: http:// www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12478 (дата обращения: 10.07.2013).

645

A Review of the Intelligence Community, March 10, 1971.

646

Закон о полномочиях разведки на 2010 финансовый год объединил эти две программы в единую «Военно-разведывательную программу». См.: Pub. L. 111-259, Sec. 804(2)(B)(i), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2747.

647

См.: Pub. L. 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3645.

648

См.: Pub. L. 108-458, title I, Sec. 1031, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3677.

649

Ibid., 118 Stat. 3652.

650

См., например: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 407(b), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2721.

651

The Chief Information Officer of the Intelligence Community, The Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, The Director of the National Counterterrorism Center, The Director of the National Counter Proliferation Center, The Chief Financial Officer of the Intelligence Community.

652

См.: Pub. L. 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656. В 2010 году эта норма была отменена, ныне закон содержит лишь общее требование о размещении штаб-квартиры Службы директора в Вашингтоне. Pub. L. 111-259, Sec. 403, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.

653

См.: Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 441, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.

654

Ibid., Sec. 441(2).

655

См.: Pub. L. 112-87, title IV, Sec. 431, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1894.

656

См.: National Security Act of 26, 1947, ch. 343, Sec. 3, as amended.

657

Здесь автор умышленно не упоминает о тех разведывательных органах, которые были созданы в США в период борьбы за независимость, еще до образования единого федеративного государства. Такие органы, как Комитет секретно корреспонденции, Секретный комитет создавались в военный период и рассматривались лишь как органы, обеспечивающие поддержку (в первую очередь информационную) военным операциям против англичан. В мирной организации вновь созданного федеративного государства им не нашлось места.

658

См., например: Zacharias Е., Secret Missions. The Story of an Intelligence Officer, New York, 1946, P. 11-17.

659

Franklin D. Roosvelt to Agency Heads, June 26 1939, U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Book III.– Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1976.– P.403 .

660

Речь идет в первую очередь о должности Информационного координатора (Coordinator of Information).См.: 3CFR, Compilation 1938-1943, Wash., 1968, P.1324.

661

Federal Records of World War II, Vol. I, Wash., 1950, P. 223.

662

Реформа, проведенная на основе Закона о национальной безопасности 1947 года. См.: National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495.

663

Ibid.

664

National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495.

665

U.S. Commission on Organization of Executive Branch of Government, GPO. 1955.

666

Следует уточнить, что в данном контексте имеются в виду изменения, касающиеся американской разведки. Поправки, связанные с министерством обороны США в Закон о национальной безопасности США вносились достаточно регулярно. См., например: Act of May 25, 1948, ch. 335, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 266; Act of Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, Sec. 12(a), 63 Stat. 591; Act of Aug. 8, 1950, ch.645, Sec. 4, 64 Stat. 419; Act of June 3, 1954, ch. 254, 68 Stat. 170.

667

Executive Order № 11905, Feb. 18, 1976, 41 F.R. 7703.

668

Executive Order № 12036, Jan. 24, 1978, 43 F.R. 3674.

669

См.: Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.

670

Ibid., Part 1. Goals, Direction, Duties, and Responsibilities With Respect to the National Intelligence Effort, Sec.1.8 – 1.14.

671

См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 704, 106 Stat. 3189

672

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189

673

См.: National Security Act of 1947, July 26, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495, as amended.

674

См.: Public Law 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.

675

Право президента учреждать необходимые ему исполнительные органы и назначать должностных лиц, необходимых ему для реализации своих конституционных полномочий, неоднократно подтверждалось Верховным Судом США. См., например: Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).

676

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 103-359, title V, Sec. 501(a)(1), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3428)