Разведка и контрразведка США (с конца XVIII века и до наших дней)

См.: 1 How. (42 U.S.), 297-298.

835

См.: 38 Ops. Atty. Gen. 457, 458 (1936).

836

См.: Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).

837

Накануне и в ходе Второй мировой войны подобным образом неоднократно поступал президент Франклин Д. Рузвельт. См., напрмиер: Stevenson W. A man called interpid. N.Y. 1976, P. 69.

838

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1991, Pub. L. 102-88, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 442.

839

См.: National Security Act of 1947, Pub. L. 102-88, title V, Sec. 503(a).

840

См.: Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).

841

См.: Executive Order № 10656, Feb. 8, 1956, 21 Fed. Reg. 859.

842

См.: Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, A Report to the Congress, Intelligence Activities, June 1955, GPO. 1955.

843

Executive Order № 10938, May 6, 1961, 26 Fed. Reg. 3951.

844

Executive Order №. 13462, Feb. 29, 2008, 73 Fed. Reg. 11805, as amended by Executive Order № 13516, §1, Oct. 28, 2009, 74 Fed. Reg. 56521, 57241.

845

См.: Executive Order № 11460, March 22, 1969, 34 Fed. Reg. 5535.

846

См.: Executive Order № 11984, May 6, 1977, 42 Fed. Reg. 23129.

847

См.: Executive Order № 12334, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 59955.

848

См.: Executive Order № 13462, Feb. 29, 2008, 73 Fed. Reg. 11805.

849

См.: Executive Order № 13516, §1, Oct. 28, 2009, 74 Fed. Reg. 56521, 57241

850

См.: National Security Act of 1947, title I, Sec. 101, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 496.

851

См.: United States v. Eliason, 16 Pet. (41 U.S.) 291 (1842).

852

См.: Sec. 101(b), 61 Stat. 496.

853

См.: Executive Order № 12333, Section 1.2(a), Dec. 4, 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 59941.

854

См.: National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 496.

855

См.: Act of Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, Sec. 3, 63 Stat. 579.

856

Кроме названных лиц в Законе о национальной безопасности 1947 года упоминаются также: Директор по взаимной безопасности (Director for Mutual Security) и Председатель Комитета по ресурсам национальной безопасности (Chairman of the National Security Resources Board). Однако, указанные должности были упразднены на основании различных Планов реорганизации. См.: Reorg. Plan No. 7 of 1953, eff. Aug. 1, 1953, 18 Fed. Reg. 4541; Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1953, eff. June 12, 1953, 18 Fed. Reg. 3375, 67 Stat. 634; Reorg. Plan No. 6 of 1953, eff. June 30, 1953, 18 Fed. Reg. 3743, 67 Stat. 638.

857

Pub. L. 115–44, title II, §274(a), Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 938.

858

См.: National Security Act of 1947, title I, Sec. 101(а)(7), July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 496.

859

National Security Presidential Memorandum №4. Organization of the National Security Council, the Homeland Security Council, and Subcommittees, Apr. 4, 2017, 82 F.R. 16881.

860

Executive Order № 11905, Feb. 18, 1976, 41 Fed. Reg. 7703.

861

Executive Order № 12036, Jan. 24, 1978, 43 Fed. Reg. 3674.

862

Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 59941.

863

См.: National Security Presidential Directive № 1 of Feb.13 2001.

864

См.: Executive Order № 13228, Oct. 9, 2001, 66 Fed. Reg. 51812, sec.5(а).

865

См.: National Security Act of 1947, ch. 343, title I, Sec. 101(a), 61 Stat. 496.

866

См.: Executive Order № 13228, Oct. 9, 2001, 66 Fed. Reg. 51812, sec.2-3.

867

См.: Homeland Security Presidential Directive № 1 of October 29, 2001.

868

См.: Homeland Security Presidential Directive № 1 of October 29, 2001, sec. D.

869

Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2135.

870

"There is established within the Executive Office of the President a council to be known as the ‘‘Homeland Security Council…". См.: Homeland Security Act of 2002, Title IX – National Homeland Security Council, Sec. 901

871

"…The function of the Council shall be to advise the President on homeland security matters". Ibid., Sec. 901

872

Presidential Study Directive № 1 of February 23 2009.

873

National Security Presidential Memorandum № 2, Jan. 28, 2017, 82 F.R. 9119.

874

National Security Presidential Memorandum № 4, Apr. 4, 2017, 82 F.R. 16881

875

Executive Order № 11905 of 18 Feb. 1976.

876

Public Law 102-496, Title VII.

877

См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Public Law 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3638.

878

Если рассматривать период до 1949 года, то справедливо говорить о двух самостоятельных министерствах: военном и военно-морском министерстве.

879

См.:Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act, Pub. L. 99-433, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994.

880

См.:Act of July 26, 1947, ch. 343, Sec. 201(a); Pub. L. 87-651, title II, Sec. 202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 517, Sec. 131; Pub. L. 99-433, title I, Sec. 101(a)(2), (b), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 995.

881

См.:Pub. L. 99-433, title I, Secs. 101(a)(2), 102, 110(b)(2), (d)(2), title III, Sec. 301(b)(2), title VI, Sec. 603(b), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 996, 1002, 1022, 1075

882

См.: Pub. L. 99-433, title II, Sec. 201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1007.

883

Pub. L. 99-433, title II, Sec. 211(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1013.

884

С учетом поправок, внесенных на основании Закона Боба Стампа о полномочиях национальной обороны на 2003 финансовый год. См.: Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, Pub. L. 107-314, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2457.

885

См.: Pub. L. 107-314, div. A, title IX, Sec. 901(a)(2), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2619.

886

См.: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, Pub. L. 108-136, div. A, title IX, Sec. 923(c)(1), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1575.

887

См.: Department of Defense Directive № 5148.11 September 20, 2010.: [сайт]. URL: .http://atsdio.defense.gov.(дата обращения: 15.07.2013).

888

См.: Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act, Pub. L. 99-433, title II, Sec. 201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1005

889

См.: Department of Defense Directive № 5105.21, sec.E3, March 18, 2008

890

См.: Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations/ JCS Joint Publication 2-01, 05 January 2012. P.12.

891

См.: Executive Order № 11905, sec. 2 (d), Feb. 18, 1976, 41 Fed. Reg. 7703.

892

См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-458, sec.1074, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3638.

893

House Armed Services Committee, Defense Authorization Report for 1994/1995 Fiscal Year.

894

См.: Pub. L. 111-259, Sec. 804(2)(B)(i), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2747.

895

Woodward Bob Veil – The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987, Simon and Schuster, N.Y. 1987. P.64.

896

Webster William Remarks before the Council on Foreign Relations, Washington DC,12 December 1988, cited in Alfred Prados, Intelligence Budgets: Contents and Releasability, Congressional Research Service, CDS 89-465F, 2 August 1989, – P.-23.

897

Central Intelligence Agency, Symposium on the Teaching of Intelligence – October 1-2, 1993, Washington, DC, Central Intelligence Agency Center for the Study of Intelligence, April 1994, CSI 94-001, -P.– 16.

898

Omand, Joanne, Administration Mobilizes To Direct Aid to Rebels, The Washington Post,

13 July 1986, PP. – A1, A16.

899

Harrison, Selig, Afghanistan: Soviet Intervention, Afghan Resistance, and the American Role, in

Michael Klare and Peter Kornbluh, editors, Low Intensity Warfare, (New York, Pantheon, 1989),

P.– 200.

900

[сайт]. URL: http://www.fas.org/irp/budget/index.html#1 (дата обращения: 25.04.2014)

901

См.: Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence, Chapter 13 – The Cost of Intelligence, March 1, 1996, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996.

902

[сайт]. URL: http://www.fas.org/irp/budget/index.html#1 (дата обращения: 25.04.2014)

903

См.: Budget Control Act of 2011, Pub. L. 112-25, Aug. 2, 2011, 125 Stat. 240.

904

[сайт]. URL: http://www.fas.org/irp/budget/index.html?PHPSESSID=70809e6b347db 7b2122df1ef24d743e0. (дата обращения: 15.06.2018)

905

См., например: Intelligence Community Directive № 104 of April 30, 2013б NIP Budget Formulation, Execution, and Performance Evaluation. [сайт]. URL: http:// www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICD/ICD%20104.pdf (дата обращения: 25.04.2014).

906

См., например: General Order 80, War Department, August 26, 1918.

907

См., например: Franklin D. Roosevelt to Agency Heads, June 26 1939, U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Book III. Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1976.– P.403; National Intelligence Authority Directive №. 1, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 59, Records of the Department of State, Records of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research: Lot 62 D 42, IAC.

908

См.: 61 Stat. 495.

909

См.: National Security Act of 1947, 61 Stat. 495. (50 US Code 401 et seq.).

910

См., например: National Security Council Intelligence Directive № 4 (National Intelligence Objectives), Dec. 12, 1947; National Security Council Intelligence Directive № 5 (Espionage and Counterespionage Operations), Dec. 12, 1947; National Security Action Memorandums № 277, Jan.30, 1964 (Review of Early Warning Procedures for Anticipating Foreign Crises), National Archives and Records Administration, RG 59, Records of the Department of State, Records of the Executive Secretariat, NSC Files: Lot 66 D 95, NSCIDs.

911

См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d), Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 196.

912

См.: Freedom of Information Act: Pub. L. 90-23, June 5 1967, 81 Stat. 54; Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250; Pub. L. 93-502, Nov. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1561.

913

См., например: Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97-200, Sec. 1, June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.

914

См., например: United States et al. v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166 (1974); Snepp v. United States, 444 U.S. 507 (1980).

915

См.: An Act to regulate radio communication, August 13, 1912, sec.4 (Secrecy Of Messages), 37 Stat. 302.

916

См.: Marron v. United States, 275 U.S. 192 (1927); Go-Bart Importing Co. v. United States, 282 U.S. 344 (1931); United States v. Lefkowitz, 285 U.S. 452 (1932).

917

См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Article IV. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1703.

918

Communication Act of July 19 1934, 48 Stat. 1064.

919

Ни Закон о коммуникациях 1934 года, ни другие законодательные акты этого периода не уточняют, какие суды вправе выдавать подобные разрешения. См.: Communication Act of July 19 1934, ch. 652, title VI, sec.605, 48 Stat. 1103.

920

См.: Nardone v. United States, 302 US 379 (1937).

921

Впрочем, в вопросе о допустимости принятия в качестве доказательств информации, добытой без судебной санкции, Верховный Суд занимал непоследовательную позицию. В деле Weiss v. US, 308 US 321 (1939) Верховный Суд отказался принять доказательства добытые без санкции суда.

922

См.: H.R. 2266, To Authorize Wiretapping, Bill relating: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 76th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1941. P.17-22.

923

См.: Communication Act of July 19 1934, ch. 652, title VI, sec.606, 48 Stat. 1103.

924

См.: Internal Security Act of Sept. 23, 1950, Ch.1024, sec.1(9), 64 Stat.988.

925

См.: Pennsylvania v. Nelson, 350 U.S. 479 (1956), 504-505.

926

См.: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book III, P. 20-21.

927

См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 197.

928

Под проводными средствами коммуникации в законе понимаются кабельные проводные и другие им подобные соединения.

929

См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d).

930

См.: Pub. L. 90-351.

931

Ibidem.

932

См.: United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972). В этом судебном деле правительство США выступает истцом по отношению к районному федеральному суду США. Подобные дела обычно получают свое название по имени судьи, чье решение обжалуется в вышестоящей судебной инстанции (в данном случае судья Keith).

933

См.: United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972).

934

См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d), Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 196.

935

См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1783.

936

См.: United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972).

937

См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1787.

938

См.: Pub. L. 95-511, 92 Stat. 1788, 50 US Code, Sec. 1803.

939

См.: Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1787.

940

См.: Pub. L. 95-511, 92 Stat. 1788, 50 US Code, Sec. 1803.

941

См.: Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1787.

942

См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Sec. 102, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1790.

943

См.: Pub. L. 90-351.

944

См.: Pub. L. 95-511.

945

См.: Pub. L. 104-293, title III, Sec. 309, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3467.

946

См.: Pub. L. 104-293, title III, Sec. 309, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3467.

947

Ibid.. Sec.309.

948

См.: Freedom of Information Act of 1966, Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250.

949

См.: The Administrative Procedure Act of 1946, 60 Stat. 238.

950

См.: Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250.

951

См.: Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250.

952

См.: Freedom of Information Act of 1967, Pub. L. 90-23, June 5 1967, 81 Stat. 54.

953

См.: Pub. L. 90-23.

954

. См., например: Archibald Cox Reflection upon Watergate. Brandies University, 1974, P. 37.

955

См.: Freedom of Information Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93-502, Nov. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1561.

956

См.: Pub. L. 93-502, Nov. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1561.

957

См.: Ungar, Sanford J. FBI : An Uncensored Look Behind the Walls. -Boston: Toronto, 1976. -568 P.

958

См., например: Pub. L. 94-409, Sec. 5(b), Sept. 13, 1976, 90 Stat. 1247; Pub. L. 95-454, title IX, Sec. 906(a)(10), Oct. 13, 1978, 92 Stat. 1225.

959

См.: Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996, Pub. L. 104-231, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3049.

960

См.: Executive Order № 13233, Nov. 1, 2001, 66 Fed. Reg. 56025.

961

См.: Executive Order № 12667, Jan. 16, 1989, 54 Fed. Reg. 3403.

962

См.: Executive Order № 13489, Jan. 26, 2009, 74 Fed. Reg. 4669.

963

См.: Pub. L. 110-175, Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2524.

964

Ibid., sec.7.

965

Office of Government Information Services

966

Chief FOIA Officer

967

См.: Pub. L. 110-175, Sec. 10, Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2529.

968

См., например: Pub. L. 98-620, title IV, Sec. 402(2), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3357; Pub. L. 99-570, title I, Sec. 1802, 1803, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207-48, 3207-49; Pub. L. 104-231, Sec. 3-11, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3049-3054; Pub. L. 107-306, title III, Sec. 312, Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2390; Pub. L. 110-175, Sec. 3, 4(a), 5, 6(a)(1), (b)(1), 7(a), 8-10(a), 12, Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2525-2530; Pub. L. 111-83, title V, Sec. 564(b), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2184.

969

См., например: Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, A Report to the Congress, Intelligence Activities, June 1955; U.S., Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy, Report, June 1975.

970

См., например: Nardone v. United States, 302 US 379 (1937);United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972).

971

См., например: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , sec. 2511(3).

972

См.: Privacy Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93-579, Dec.31, 1974, 88 Stat. 1896.

973

Ibid., P.1899.

974

См.: Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100-503, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 2507.

975

Data Integrity Board.

976

См.: Pub. L. 100-503, Secs. 2-6(a), 7, 8, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 2507-2514.

977

См.: Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982, Pub. L.97-200, Sec. 2(a), June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.

978

См.: Pub. L. 97-200.

979

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111-259, title III, Sec. 363(a), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2701.

980

В оригинальном варианте закона редакции 1982 года – до 10 лет тюремного заключения. См.: Pub. L. 97-200, Sec. 2(a), June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.

981

См.: Pub. L. 97-200, June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.

982

См.: Pub. L. 97-200, Sec. 2(a), June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.

983

Ibid., Sec. 2(a).

984

См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d), Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 196.

985

См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Sec. 102, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1790.

986

См.: Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub. L. 103-414.

987

Четвертая поправка Конституции США. См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Article IV. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1703.

988

См.: Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Title I, Sec. 110, Pub. L. 103-414.

989

Дополнительно пятьсот миллионов долларов (на 1995-1996 годы) Конгресс выделил из бюджета на покрытие расходов телекоммуникационных фирм. См.: Pub. L. 103-414, Title I, Sec. 110.

990

См.: Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.

991

Дважды (в 1994 и 1998 годах) в Закон о наблюдении за иностранными разведками 1978 года вносились достаточно существенные дополнения, не менявшие, тем не менее, саму концепцию закона. См.: added Pub. L. 103-359, title VIII, Sec. 807(a)(3), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3443; Pub. L. 105-272, title VI, Sec. 601(2), Oct. 20, 1998, 112 Stat. 2404.

992

Как пример можно привести резонансные события сентября 1918 года, связанные со взрывом террористами бомбы в здании Федерального Правительства в Чикаго. См.: Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate, 66th Congress, 1st Session, 1919, Vol. II, P.2730.

993

См., например: Hostage Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-426, Oct. 7 1978, 92 Stat. 989.

994

См.: FBI Domestic Security Guidelines: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism, 97th Congress, 2nd Session, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1983, P.35-37.

995

См.: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act of 2001, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 272.

996

См.: Pub. L. 107-56, title V, Sec. 504(a), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 364.

997

См.: Pub. L. 107-56, title II, Sec. 207(a)(2), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 282

998

Ibid., Sec. 208.

999

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Sec. 1803, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1783.

1000

См.: [сайт]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0. (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).

1001

DNI Announces the Declassification of the Existence of Collection Activities Authorized by President George W. Bush Shortly After the Attacks of September 11, 2001. [сайт]. URL: http://icontherecord.tumblr.com/post/70683717031/dni-announces-the-declassification-of-the (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).

1002

U.S. Signals Intelligence Directive SP0018, Jan. 25, 2011. [сайт]. URL: http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/1118/CLEANEDFinal%20USSID%20SP0018.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).

1003

Учитывая общественный резонанс, вызванный в США деятельностью АНБ, некоторые из этих судебных приказов были по решению президента Б. Обамы преданы гласности. См., например: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Memorandum Opinion and Order, «TOP SECRET». Nov. 30, 2011. [сайт]. URL: http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/November%202011%20Bates%20Opinion%20and%20Order%20Part%201.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).