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1 (#ulink_1bee84a6-57f4-5f41-be42-1afb66cf7f76) Winston Churchill was re-elected Prime Minister in 1951, and on 5 January 1952 he went to Washington, DC, to renew Britain’s ‘special relationship’ with the United States.
2 (#ulink_1bee84a6-57f4-5f41-be42-1afb66cf7f76) Clement Attlee (1883-1967) was the Labour Prime Minster, 1945-51.
3 (#ulink_915d66e9-8282-5fc7-a86e-95d093cad281) ‘Maleldil’ is the ‘Old Solar’ name given in Lewis’s interplanetary novels to God the Son.
4 (#ulink_915d66e9-8282-5fc7-a86e-95d093cad281) Pitter had been trying since 1949 to transcribe a passage from Lewis’s Perelandra into Spenserian stanzas. She said in a note to Lewis’s letter of 17 November 1949 (CL II, p. 997): ‘The passage…was to have been included in one of my books, but I think John Hayward…finally decided that (copy-right trouble, apart) it didn’t do anything that the original hadn’t done a lot better’ (Bodleian Library, MS. Eng. lett. c. 220/3, fol. 84).
5 (#ulink_7a38822e-550f-501f-a9f4-18dac4df210e) He was referring to the poem ‘The Earwig’s Complaint’ in Pitter’s A Mad Lady’s Garland (1934). Pitter said of this poem: ‘The earwig is imagined as a sort of little fiery Elizabethan soldier of fortune—he gets by chance into a lady’s bed, is much struck by her beauty, has the misfortune to tickle, and of course she throws him out—he laments the episode in what I thought a fine heroic tragical strain, but reflects finally that he has wings, after all, she not! It is an image, I suppose, of the scruffy neglected poet, a failure too in love, consoling himself (MS. Eng. lett. c. 220/3, fol. 107).
6 (#ulink_b979413d-ba0a-542f-8239-48f6c3850c36) i.e., the poet George Herbert (1593-1633).
7 (#ulink_843d0b58-d0cb-593d-b2c4-e4fe9a64222b) The Flying Enterprise was a 6,711-ton cargo ship. Built during the Second World War, it became a commercial cargo vessel after the war. On Christmas Day 1951 it left England and headed into the Atlantic Ocean on route for the United States through a turbulent sea. By the next day the Atlantic was hit by one of the worst storms in history, winds rising to hurricane force. On the bridge was Captain Henrik Kurt Carlsen, a Dane of extraordinary courage who remained aboard his ship for almost two weeks as efforts were made to tow her to port. He was finally forced to abandon ship when her list increased to a fatal degree on 10 January 1952, only about 40 miles away from Falmouth, England. The ordeal of the Flying Enterprise and Captain Carlsen was worldwide news at the time and remains one of the great stories of endurance and courage at sea. See Gordon Holman, Carlsen of the Flying Enterprise (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1952). On 22 June 2001 a team of divers discovered the lost ship resting on her side in a depth of 280 feet on the seabed of the western approaches to the English Channel.
8 (#ulink_abf4e7bd-1c0a-5c8e-9c0c-92793d9ff60f) p.p.
9 (#ulink_afb84dab-597f-5db3-9f32-ea1fce3c656e) Sister Penelope’s imagination had been fired by an article in The Times (6 December 1951), p. 5, entitled ‘A Mystery of Everest: Footprints of the “Abominable Snowman” ‘. The British mountaineer Eric Shipton wrote about a discovery his team made on Mount Everest on 8 November 1951: ‘At 4 o’clock we came upon some strange tracks in the snow. [Our guide] immediately announced them to be the tracks of “yetis” or “Abominable Snowmen”…The tracks were mostly distorted by melting into oval impressions, slightly longer and a good deal broader than those made by our large mountain boots. But here and there, where the snow covering the ice was thin, we came upon a well preserved impression of the creature’s foot. It showed three broad “toes” and a broad “thumb” to the side. What was particularly interesting was that where the tracks crossed a crevice one could see quite clearly where the creature had jumped and used its toes to secure purchase on the snow on the other side.’ The first reliable report of the Yeti appeared in 1925 but the best tracks ever seen were photographed by Shipton and published in The Times (7 December 1951), p. 13.
10 (#ulink_f70f7c52-7eb9-56cc-93ce-376c64c1cf3b) Genesis 6:1-4: ‘And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair: and they took them wives of all which they chose. And the Lord said, My spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years. There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.’
11 (#ulink_0799160f-da7f-5af3-a100-e1fe52d36c75) Cf. Psalm 45:11.
12 (#ulink_58a7836d-ef41-54d7-8ee1-20600f926098) He means the confusion between the Latin homo, ‘human being’, and vir, ‘(adult male) man’.
13 (#ulink_1e8eac5a-d435-55eb-83c0-67f9bfc1a228) Austin Farrer, The Glass of Vision, The Bampton Lectures for 1948 (1948).
14 (#ulink_1e8eac5a-d435-55eb-83c0-67f9bfc1a228) See CL II, p. 961.
15 (#ulink_1e8eac5a-d435-55eb-83c0-67f9bfc1a228) Simone Weil, Waiting on God, trans. Emma Craufurd (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1951).
16 (#ulink_3e0eb975-7272-57a1-893d-01bf1e4464d0) ‘A Religious of CSMV (Sister Penelope), They Shall Be My People: The Bible Traversed in a Course of Reading Plays, 2 vols. (London: Oxford University Press, 1951).
17 (#ulink_031611e7-0b85-53c7-bfe5-07b1d0f4ae26) I. O. Evans, Led By the Star: A Christmas Play (London: Rylee, 1952).
18 (#ulink_031611e7-0b85-53c7-bfe5-07b1d0f4ae26) L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt, The Roaring Trumpet (1940); The Mathematics of Magic (1940); The Incomplete Enchanter (New York: Pyramid Books, 1941).
19 (#ulink_8b2e06b7-4480-56c1-89df-8d9bd679fccb) i.e., The Incomplete Enchanter.
20 (#ulink_3f5fe83b-8051-54c7-ab03-738d9c2cc518) These notes relate to Blamires’s unpublished book on the Christian philosophy of education.
21 (#ulink_13d056cb-9b9f-5af3-ae97-80b326c79e3c) Carol Jenkins was writing from Westmead, 35 Flushcombe Lane, Bath.
22 (#ulink_ae7fe972-31dd-58df-83dd-61775d8ba862) i.e., the name Asian.
23 (#ulink_ae7fe972-31dd-58df-83dd-61775d8ba862)The Thousand and One Nights: Commonly Called, in England, The Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, trans. Edward William Lane (1838-40).
24 (#ulink_ae7fe972-31dd-58df-83dd-61775d8ba862) i.e., The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
25 (#ulink_a1afcc8c-487c-5a57-a978-849ad05d1f56) Wayland Hilton Young (1923-), who became the 2nd Baron Kennet in 1960, is the son of Edward Hilton Young, 1st Baron Kennet (1879-1960) and Lady Edith Agnes Kathleen Bruce (1878-1947). He was born in London on 2 August 1923, and educated at Stowe School. He served in the Royal Navy, 1942-5. Following the war he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, taking his BA in 1946. Young entered the Foreign Office in 1946 and was Parliamentary Secretary for the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1966-70, Opposition spokesman on foreign affairs and science policy, 1971-4, a Member of the European Parliament, 1978-9, and SDP spokesman in the House of Lords on foreign affairs and defence, 1981-90. In 1948 he married Elizabeth Adams, daughter of Captain Bryan Fullerton Adams, and they had six children. His many published books and pamphlets, on subjects such as defence, disarmament, the environment and architecture, include Deadweight (1952), Now or Never (1953), The Monten Scandal (1957), Still Alive Tomorrow (1958), Strategy for Survival (1959), The Futures of Europe (1976), The Rebirth of Britain (1982) and Northern Lazio (1990).
26 (#ulink_791b8a2e-297c-5dbf-8554-3917fbfe680e) i.e., John Lane The Bodley Head, the publishers of Lewis’s interplanetary trilogy.
27 (#ulink_791b8a2e-297c-5dbf-8554-3917fbfe680e) ‘excessive’ or ‘in the way’.
28 (#ulink_ed579c0a-9bc6-5efb-9911-bf85ab74e97b)That Hideous Strength.
29 (#ulink_419d5649-e4eb-592a-a64a-59d1573cc619) A word is missing from the text.
30 (#ulink_ec59e9ab-cc74-5dab-bb87-5d5530721bc2) A poem by Robert Browning included in his Dramatis Personae (1864).
31 (#ulink_5a20e5c4-5e69-5353-8883-424fd2e0bca9) 1 Timothy 4:10: ‘We both labour and suffer reproach, because we trust in the living God, who is the Saviour of all men, specially of those that believe.’
* (#ulink_5a20e5c4-5e69-5353-8883-424fd2e0bca9) i.e. Hades, the land of the dead: not Gehenna, the land of the lost.
32 (#ulink_a8429601-eb7c-589d-81fb-0318ce716d7a) This letter was first published in the Church Times, CXXXV (8 February 1952), p. 95, under the title ‘Mere Christians’.
33 (#ulink_a9092f78-6f6e-5c53-8b69-abe2fe070212) R. D. Daunton-Fear, ‘Evangelical Churchmanship’, Church Times, CXXXV (1 February 1952), p. 77.
34 (#ulink_a9092f78-6f6e-5c53-8b69-abe2fe070212) An abbreviated form of the quotation from St Vincent of Lerins, Commonitorium, IV, section 3: ‘Id teneamus, quod ubique, quod semper, quod ab omnibus creditum est’: ‘Let us hold on to that which has been believed everywhere, always, by everyone.’
35 (#ulink_258d6551-3899-5bf4-ab52-0324183fb6df) Richard Baxter, Church-history of the Government of Bishops and their Councils (1680), ‘What History is Credible, and What Not’, p. xv: ‘You know not of what Party I am of, nor what to call me; I am sorrier for you in this than for my self; if you know not, I will tell you, I am a CHRISTIAN, a MERE CHRISTIAN, of no other Religion; and the Church that I am of is the Christian Church, and hath been visible where ever the Christian Religion and Church hath been visible.’
36 (#ulink_835b54a6-beaf-5aa1-9599-d458a809b06e) This was a short story Mathews had written.
37 (#ulink_835b54a6-beaf-5aa1-9599-d458a809b06e)The Gospels, trans, into modern English by ]. B. Phillips (London: Bles, 1952).
38 (#ulink_b347b563-d874-5060-88c3-65e38a6c01ba) ‘general presentation’.
39 (#ulink_b8e3e618-a82f-59a5-b21a-f49da7abdcfe) One or two words are missing from the facsimile copy.
40 (#ulink_d77fd773-6604-5702-b227-eb849eea4bb9) Genia Goelz was being baptized.
41 (#ulink_dac0b736-678e-540e-a8f0-8d1af29b790d) The twelve-week period between the end of Trinity Term, which ends on 6 July, and the beginning of Michaelmas Term, which starts on 1 October.
42 (#ulink_cd5c85be-a7f5-54d3-b43f-22d343e96581) Helen D. Calkins, who first wrote to Lewis from India, had returned to the United States and was now writing from 915 Taylor Street, Albany, California.
43 (#ulink_5a637198-7b62-5a5d-be3b-5a4040739e15) Calkins’s unpublished work, ‘India Looks’, mentioned in the letter of 29 March 1952.
44 (#ulink_dee7c2b5-a3f5-58ad-91c2-a4b1fd6a63fa) See the biography of John Alexander Chapman (1875-1968) in CL II, p. 954n.
45 (#ulink_dee7c2b5-a3f5-58ad-91c2-a4b1fd6a63fa) J. A. Chapman, War (Windsor: Savile Press, 1951).
46 (#ulink_9dd555aa-c0ae-578c-a45d-403ab3b8db92) Warnie.
47 (#ulink_9dd555aa-c0ae-578c-a45d-403ab3b8db92) Lewis usually stayed at the Old Inn in Crawfordsburn when visiting Greeves.
48 (#ulink_efb285b4-bfbb-50fd-bb85-6c656a372402) Anthony Trollope, The Last Chronicle of Barset (1867).
49 (#ulink_8ef78b95-fbe2-555a-b116-2f6e44a791d3) Mark 9:24.
50 (#ulink_8ef78b95-fbe2-555a-b116-2f6e44a791d3) John 7:17.
51 (#ulink_9a5971b1-c8ef-57cd-8f60-6d50860533cd) Roger Lancelyn Green, The Luck of the Lynns: A Story of Hidden Treasure (1952).
52 (#ulink_162af06d-049e-56f1-ba5d-35d5bd398c84) For some time Lewis had been planning a holiday with Arthur Greeves in Northern Ireland. He expected to arrive at Greeves’s house on 21 August, and leave on the night of 8 September. Lewis and Green had long wanted to visit the ruined castles of North Wales, beginning with Beaumaris Castle, Anglesey.
53 (#ulink_162af06d-049e-56f1-ba5d-35d5bd398c84) Liverpool.
54 (#ulink_6e80e41e-ba13-5982-94d3-72a725347f8c) This letter is found only in Vanauken, A Severe Mercy, ch. 5, p. 110.
55 (#ulink_085f8af9-d16f-54aa-87b6-08705b0c4700) Michael Kevin Irwin (1944-), a schoolboy who wrote to Lewis about the Narnian stories, was born on 2 December 1944. He was educated at St Edward’s School, Oxford, and was the son of the Rev. Patrick Irwin, to whom Lewis wrote on 26 September 1952.
56 (#ulink_1dd0f4bd-6451-59c4-a344-69a370519218) E. Nesbit, The Phoenix and the Carpet (1904); The Story of the Amulet (1906).
57 (#ulink_1dd0f4bd-6451-59c4-a344-69a370519218) J. R. R. Tolkien, The Hobbit: or There and Back Again (1937).
58 (#ulink_1dd0f4bd-6451-59c4-a344-69a370519218) George MacDonald, The Princess and the Goblin (1872); The Princess and Curdie (1883).
59 (#ulink_815ee327-ca55-5ab7-95d0-b2d178d24e96) Baloo is the sleepy brown bear in Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book.
60 (#ulink_815ee327-ca55-5ab7-95d0-b2d178d24e96) Bulkeley Arms Hotel, Beaumaris.
61 (#ulink_843b8cc1-c32d-57f9-84df-25d68593eef5) Richard Hughes, A High Wind in Jamaica (1929).
62 (#ulink_565c524c-1a98-5b44-9266-56a4cc165d84) Ralph Waldo Emerson, May-day and Other Pieces (1867), ‘Brahma’, 11.
63 (#ulink_3692ec03-cf6e-51aa-a523-2649286a7c68) In Miracles: A Preliminary Study (London: Bles, 1947; Fount, 1998), pp. 90, 110, Lewis quotes from Alfred North Whitehead’s Science and the Modern World (1925).
64 (#ulink_02769abd-f15a-5bee-94aa-2185b7ea727b) See Mary Neylan, mother of Sarah Neylan, in the Biographical Appendix to CL II, pp. 1054-5.
65 (#ulink_e36e93a3-1e7a-518b-8f91-12817adc87ab) i.e., Charles Williams.
66 (#ulink_3dfc973d-12fe-5913-93c3-9cbc094ecda3) Joseph Stalin.
67 (#ulink_c38d76f1-a35d-5bf4-9f44-cdbc6c5b6180) Graham Greene, The Power and the Glory (1940). This novel, usually regarded as Greene’s best, is set in Mexico during a time of religious persecution. It describes the desperate last wanderings of a priest, the central character in the book, who is never given a name. The priest, who ‘carried a wound, as though a whole world had died’, commits the moral sin of fornication with the peasant woman Maria, after falling into the worst sin of ‘despair’. The only priest left in the state who has not either escaped or died, or conformed to the atheistic government, he returns to the village where Maria lives with their illegitimate daughter. Despite the fact that he believes himself to be condemned by God, he knows he can nevertheless bring salvation to others. In the end he achieves holiness and eventually martyrdom by virtue of, rather than in spite of, his sins.
68 (#ulink_3ead4d69-57f7-5c6e-96b3-e54d493538da) Evelyn Waugh’s Brideshead Revisited. See the letter to Christian Hardie of 22 March 1951.
69 (#ulink_1f7b4aa7-c1bd-5fcb-8af4-ae59f55d52d8) William Shakespeare, Macbeth (1623).
70 (#ulink_adedfeb2-0d18-589b-9020-f22a1d388d66) Lewis’s confessor was Father Walter Adams SSJE of Cowley, Oxford. He had been Lewis’s confessor since Lewis began going to confession in 1940. Father Adams died on 3 March 1952, but Lewis is curiously wrong about his dying at the altar. He died peacefully at the home of friends in Headington. See Father Walter Adams SSJE in the Biographical Appendix to CL II, pp. 1015-16.
71 (#ulink_e571cba4-9e3a-56bd-a61b-5d1160e5331a) The words quoted seem to be a conflation of two very similar passages. The first is Thomas à Kempis, The Imitation of Christ, Book IV, Ch. 4, 3: ‘et tu fons es semper plenus et super abundans, ignis semper ardens et numquam deficiens’: ‘and you are a fountain ever full and over abundant, a flame always burning and never failing’. This passage has a textual problem: sometimes ‘ignis semper ardens’ is read as ‘ignis iugiter ardens’, ‘a flame continually burning’. Lewis’s text presumably read ‘ignis iugiter ardens’. Then there is the passage from Book IV, Ch. 16, 3: ‘cum tu sis ignis semper ardens et numquam deficiens, amor corda purificans et intellectum illuminans’: ‘since you are a flame always burning and never failing, a love that purifies the heart and illuminates the intellect’. Lewis seems to have conflated the two passages in his memory, creating something like this: ‘cum tu sis ignis iugiter ardens et numquam deficiens, amor corda…’
72 (#ulink_f5963c83-c947-56e4-a03b-8d6e6058c61a) John 17:21.
73 (#ulink_ea6fe84b-3134-5735-9f0e-571af6ee7272) Lewis had sent Pitter a ticket to his lecture on ‘Hero and Leander’, given to the British Academy on 20 February 1952. The lecture is reprinted in SLE.
74 (#ulink_5c235921-ddcb-5871-a31e-b08aade34b6d) Christopher Marlowe and George Chapman, Hero and Leander (1598). Marlowe wrote the first two books of this poem, and Chapman (? 1559-1634) the remaining four. See English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, Pt. III, Ch. 3, Sect. 3.
75 (#ulink_23ce3355-312a-5518-b898-684a5e637807) Andrew Young, Into Hades (1952).
76 (#ulink_ee4207b3-700b-56ee-b850-5a431d0be67f) i.e., George Sayer.
77 (#ulink_5d049491-95a0-56c4-b956-56844fa1cf72) The incumbent President, Harry S. Truman, decided against seeking re-election in 1952. He threw his support behind Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson—not Robert A. Taft—who was drafted in as the Democratic nominee. Stevenson proved no match for General Dwight D. Eisenhower who won a landslide victory.
78 (#ulink_27d688cc-a9cb-55a3-8d02-ac80357bfb5a) See the biography of Delmar Banner, artist, in CL II, p. 537n.
79 (#ulink_1bb9b708-68f8-534b-a022-b32ea49f9af8) P. G. Wodehouse, Thank You, Jeeves (1934), ch. 1: ‘I fear I cannot recede from my position.’
80 (#ulink_7bba6b09-cbf9-5972-8abc-d3cdde79507b) Banner had invited Lewis to his home at The Bield, Little Langdale, in the Lake District.
81 (#ulink_092cc9eb-6b82-578b-a15b-03447a621271) ‘I could’.
82 (#ulink_092cc9eb-6b82-578b-a15b-03447a621271) ‘I couldn’t’.
83 (#ulink_6798947b-0d2a-5073-9744-98a19a1b0430)Library Association Proceedings, Papers and Summaries of Discussion at the Bournemouth Conference on 29 April to 2 May 1952 (1952), pp. 22-8, and reprinted in Of This and Other Worlds, ed. Walter Hooper (London: Collins, 1982; HarperCollins, 2000); published in the United States as On Stories: and Other Essays on Literature (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982).
84 (#ulink_efba1d90-cc0d-51a9-bf8a-26dfd0fc7825) Roger Lancelyn Green, The Wonderful Stranger (1950).
85 (#ulink_654d2151-d262-5270-8545-ab9b1546fc9d) ‘the far country’.
86 (#ulink_04e0ef1d-d46b-5440-bae2-8d45410a4e68) See Nell Berners-Price in the Biographical Appendix. Lewis had to be present as a witness at Mrs Hooker’s trial in Canterbury on 8 May. Nell Berners-Price had invited him to spend the night before the trial at Courtstairs Hotel, so that he would be near Canterbury. Following the trial Mrs Hooker was sent to Holloway Prison in London.
87 (#ulink_492ef30c-8da7-5ac3-908a-ccb114715cef) Lewis had smudged his signature when using a piece of blotting paper.
88 (#ulink_c71da608-09cd-5227-a23c-83c30d03eef4) This letter was published in The Times Literary Supplement (9 May 1952), p. 313, under the title ‘The Sheepheard’s Slumber’.
89 (#ulink_f963d331-b8f6-5aab-a733-07f5e27405b7)Prince Caspian.
90 (#ulink_f963d331-b8f6-5aab-a733-07f5e27405b7) Penelope was the seven-year-old daughter of Mr and Mrs Berners-Price.
91 (#ulink_bcc2572a-50dd-52bd-ab71-d3570b4b2d6b) Charles Gore, The Sermon on the Mount (1896), Appendix III, p. 215: ‘Christ, by a distinct act of legislation, prohibited divorce among His disciples in such sense as allows of remarriage, except in the case of adultery of one of the parties.’
92 (#ulink_bcc2572a-50dd-52bd-ab71-d3570b4b2d6b)Conference of Bishops of the Anglican Communion, Holden at Lambeth Palace in July 1888 (London: SPCK, 1888), pp. 43-4: ‘No. 3.–Divorce…a. That, inasmuch as our Lord’s words expressly forbid divorce, except in the case of fornication or adultery, the Christian Church cannot recognize divorce in any other than the excepted case, or give any sanction to the marriage of any person who has been divorced contrary to this law, during the life of the other party.
‘b. That under no circumstances ought the guilty party, in the case of a divorce for fornication or adultery, to be regarded, during the lifetime of the innocent party, as a fit recipient of the blessing of the Church on marriage.
‘c. That, recognizing the fact that there always has been a difference of opinion in the Church on the question whether our Lord meant to forbid marriage to the innocent party in a divorce for adultery, the Conference recommends that the clergy should not be instructed to refuse the sacraments or other privileges of the Church to those who, under civil sanction, are thus married.’
93 (#ulink_9f8510a9-09b3-5029-836a-d6d1281beeb6) Sir Godfrey Rolles Driver (1892-1975), Old Testament scholar and Semitic philologist, was elected a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1919 and was Professor of Semitic Philology, 1938-62. He was intimately concerned with the New English Bible, and his works include The Judaean Scrolls (1965). Young was interested in writing a novel based on the Book of Judith from the Old Testament Apocrypha.
94 (#ulink_f386b0e2-3b7b-5efb-b646-48365aaf8787) Mrs Goelz was being confirmed in the Episcopal Church.
95 (#ulink_fda2e932-c81d-5617-a1b6-85365ff20f44) David Cecil, Lord M.: or The Later Life of Lord Melbourne (London: Constable, 1954), p. 6: ‘[Lord Melbourne] loved to defend the indefensible. “What I like about the Order of the Garter,” he once remarked, “is that there is no damned merit about it.”‘
96 (#ulink_60fa5822-785f-5f08-8fab-3de65a4a38d8) Sir Fred Hoyle (1915-2001) was Plumian Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge University, and the founder of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy.
97 (#ulink_9d67064a-b61d-5a65-8912-082141cc32be) ‘writer of extended romances’.
