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Beaumont & Fletchers Works (2 of 10) – the Humourous Lieutenant
Lys. Let Prince Demetrius But lead us on: for we are his vowed servants; Against the strength of all the world we'l buckle.
Ptol. And even from all that strength we'l catch at victory.
Sel. O had I now recover'd but the fortune I lost in Antioch, when mine Unckle perish'd; But that were but to surfeit me with blessings.
Lys. You lost a sweet child there.
Sel. Name it no more Sir;This is no time to entertain such sorrows;Will your Majesty do us the honour, we may see the Prince,And wait upon him?Enter Leon.
Ant. I wonder he stayes from us: How now Leontius, where's my son?
Sel. Brave Captain.
Lys. Old valiant Sir.
Leo. Your Graces are welcom:Your son and't please you Sir, is new cashiered yonder,Cast from his Mistris favour: and such a coil there is;Such fending, and such proving; she stands off,And will by no means yield to composition:He offers any price; his body to her.Sel. She is a hard Lady, denies that caution.Leo. And now they whine, and now they rave: faith Princes,'Twere a good point of charity to piece 'em;For less than such a power will doe just nothing:And if you mean to see him, there it must be,For there will he grow, till he be transplanted.Sel. Beseech your grace, let's wait upon you thither, That I may see that beauty dares deny him, That scornfull beauty.
Ptol. I should think it worse now; Ill brought up beauty.
Ant. She has too much reason for't; Which with too great a grief, I shame to think of, But we'll go see this game.
Lys. Rather this wonder.
Ant. Be you our guide Leontius, here's a new peace. [Ex.
SCENA V
Enter Demetrius and Celia.
Cel. Thus far you shall perswade me, still to honour ye,Still to live with ye, Sir, or near about ye;For not to lye, you have my first and last love:But since you have conceiv'd an evil against me,An evil that so much concerns your honour,That honour aim'd by all at for a pattern:And though there be a false thought, and confest too,And much repentance faln in showrs to purge it;Yet, whilest that great respect I ever bore ye,Dwells in my bloud, and in my heart that duty;Had it but been a dream, I must not touch ye.Dem. O you will make some other happy?Cel. Never, Upon this hand I'le seal that faith.Dem. We may kiss, Put not those out o'th' peace too.Cel. Those I'le give ye,So there you will be pleas'd to pitch your ne ultra,I will be merry with ye; sing, discourse with ye,Be your poor Mistris still: in truth I love ye.Enter Leontius, Antigonus, Seleucus, Lysimachus, Ptolomie, Lieutenant, and Gentleman.
Dem. Stay, who are these?
Lys. A very handsom Lady.
Leo. As e're you saw.
Sel. Pity her heart's so cruel.
Lys. How does your Grace? he stands still, will not hear us.
Ptol. We come to serve ye, Sir, in all our fortunes.
Lys. He bows a little now; he's strangely alter'd.
Sel. Ha? pray ye a word Leontius, pray ye a word with ye, Lysimachus? you bo'th knew mine Enanthe, I lost in Antioch, when the Town was taken, Mine Uncle slain, Antigonus had the sack on't?
Lys. Yes, I remember well the Girl.
Sel. Methinks now That face is wondrous like her: I have her picture, The same, but more years on her; the very same.
Lys. A Cherry to a Chery is not liker.
Sel. Look on her eyes.
Leo. Most certain she is like her: Many a time have I dandled her in these arms, Sir, And I hope who will more.
Ant. What's that ye look at, Pr[in]ces?
Sel. This Picture, and that Lady, Sir.
Ant. Ha! they are near: They only err in time.
Lys. Did you mark that blush there? That came the nearest.
Sel. I must speak to her.
Leo. You'll quickly be resolved.
Sel. Your name sweet Lady?
Cel. Enanthe, Sir: and this to beg your blessing.
Sel. Do you know me?
Cel. If you be the King Seleucus, I know you are my Father.
Sel. Peace a little, Where did I lose ye?
Cel. At the Sack of Antioch,Where my good Unckle di'd, and I was taken,By a mean Souldier taken: by this Prince,This noble Prince, redeem'd from him again,Where ever since I have remain'd his Servant.Sel. My joys are now too full: welcome Enanthe, Mine own, my dearest, and my best Enanthe.
Dem. And mine too desperate.
Sel. You shall not think so, This is a peace indeed.
Ant. I hope it shall be, And ask it first.
Cel. Most Royal Sir, ye have it.
Dem. I once more beg it thus.
Sel. You must not be deny'd, Sir.
Cel. By me, I am sure he must not: sure he shall not; Kneeling I give it too; kneeling I take it; And from this hour, no envious spight e're part us.
All. The gods give happy joyes; all comforts to ye.
Dem. My new Enanthe.
Ant. Come, beat all the Drums up,And all the noble instruments of War:Let 'em fill all the Kingdom with their sound,And those the brazen Arch of Heaven break through,While to the Temple we conduct these two.Leo. May they be ever loving, ever young, And ever worthy of those lines they sprung; May their fair issues walk with time along.
Lieu. And hang a Coward now; and there's my song. [Exeunt.
* * * * *Prologue
Would some man would instruct me what to say For this same Prologue, usual to a Play, Is tied to such an old form of Petition; Men must say nothing now beyond commission: The Cloaks we wear, the Leggs we make, the place We stand in, must be one; and one the face. Nor alter'd nor exceeded; if it be, A general hisse hangs on our levitie: We have a Play, a new Play to play now, And thus low in our Playes behalf we bow; We bow to beg your suffrage, and kind ear; If it were naught, or that it might appear, A thing buoy'd up by prayer, Gentlemen, Believe my faith, you should not see me then. Let them speak then have power to stop a storm: I never lov'd to feel a House so warm: But for the Play if you dare credit me, I think it well: All new things you shall see, And these disposed to all the mirth that may; And short enough we hope: and such a Play You were wont to like: sit nobly then, and see: If it miscarry, pray look not for me.* * * * *Epilogue,
Spoke by the Lieutenant
I am not cur'd yet throughly; for believe I feel another passion that may grieve, All over me I feel it too: and now It takes me cold, cold, cold, I know not how: As you are good men help me, a Carowse May make me love you all, all here i'th' house, And all that come to see me doatingly; Now lend your hands; and for your courtesie, The next imployment I am sent upon, I'le swear you are Physicians, the War's none.THE HUMOUROUS LIEUTENANT
(A) The First Folio.
(B) The Second Folio.
(C) The Manuscript dated Novemb. 27. 1625.
This MS. is a beautiful specimen of Ralph Crane's caligraphy. It is bound in vellum, with gilt lines and a gilt design on the cover. The following particulars are written on a leaf before the title-page:—
'K. Digby Margrit This Manuscript belonged to the celebrated Sir Kenelm Digby. His grand-daughter (one of the daughters & co-heiresses of his eldest son, John Digby) was married to Richard Mostyn Esq're of Penbedw in Denbighshire, & their daughter & coheiress to Richard Williams Esq., my Great Grandfather. Thro' this connection of my family with that of Digby, several of Sir Kenelm's books & Manuscripts have come into my possession. Wm W.E. Wynne. given by W.W.E. Wynne Esqre to me W. Ormsby Gore April 8. 1837.'
The title-page is as follows:—
'Demetrius and Enanthe, a pleasant Comedie written by John Fletcher gent.'
Surrounding the title are rough decorations drawn in ink in the form of corkscrew scrolls.
The following dedication is written on the leaf following the title-page:—
To the honorable
Sir
Kelham Digbie
Knight.
Worthie Sir.
I know, that to a Man of your religious Inclination, a devine Argument would have byn much more Wellcom; And such a one (good Sir) have I upon the Anvile for you, but it requires some-what a more Consolatorie time to fashion it: Being therefore by the Wise-mans rule (That sales there is a time for all thinges) encouraged, I hope it will not be much in-oportune, after a Season so sad, to present you with a Matter Recreative. Well knowing, that you that know well how to bestow all your howers, will (in yo'r release from higher Studies) not think a litle peece of time lost, in casting, upon this Comedie, yo'r Smile, and upon him, that (in all dutie) submits it to yo'r generous Acceptaunce, your Noble Favo'r, as upon one that shall still rejoyce to be esteemed Your Commaunded Beades-man Ralph Crane. Novemb. 27. 1625.
p. 281, Omitted in C. Also omitted in A save the title, The Humourous Lieutenant. l. 34. B misprints] Evanthe.
p. 282, l. 2. C] 2 Gent. Ushers, & Servants with. l. 3. C omits] quick. l. 6. C] 'pray ye tell. l. 7. C] Mornings. l. 8. C omits] Lord. C] you should live. l. 11. C] are off the. A] are of the. l. 12. Omitted in C. l. 13. C adds] (make all things perfect) would you have theis Ladies, they that come here to see the Show, theis Beuties (Enter 2. or that have byn labouring to sett-off their Sweetnes, (3. Ladies and washed, and curld; perfum'd, and taken Glisters, for feare a flaw of wind might over-take 'em, loose theis, and all theire expectations? l. 19. C] eie. l. 20. C] and where. l. 22. C] shall survey their. l. 26. C] Enter divers Cittizens, & their wives. ll. 28 and 29. C gives these 2 ll. simply to Citt. l. 36. Omitted in C. A] was as like.
p. 283, ll. 1 and 2. Omitted in C. l. 6. C] he is. l. 7. Omitted in C. l. 9. C] Enter Celia, (in poore attire). l. 13. C] are lost too. l. 14. C] mine eies. l. 16. C] dores. l. 22. C omits] Death. l. 24. C omits] a Devil…mine honestie? and adds]
Cel. I crave your mercy: I meant no such thing to ye: but if ye were a Gentleman:
2. alas (poore woman:) 'pray doe not thrust her soe:
Cel. nay: even continue: and doe not let your Office fall (Sir) I beseech ye: for want of Indiscretion, and ill-manners; you would have made a notable sturdy Beadle:
1. She must goe out:
Cel. I am out already (Sir) out of my witts, you say: 'pray heaven it prove not; if this fell ffitt afflict me.
l. 29. C] Agent for the. l. 32. C]
of Gentleman and did forgive that hereditary folly belongs to your Place: but now, etc.
l. 37. C omits] one.
p. 284, l. 8. C] in Gibbitts. l. 9. C] par'lous. l. 14. C] Showes are past ye. A] shews are past. l. 18. C] merry, (Sir). l. 23. C] you deare (Sir). l. 32. C. gives the first three words to 1 Ush. l. 33. C] Antigonus: and his Traine.
p. 285, l. 2. C's stage direction reads Enter ye Embassadors. from Seleucus, Lysimachus, & Ptolomey: l. 7. C] Greivances? and omits l. 8. ll. 13 and 14. C prints (not like…open Enemie) after ye' have hedg'd in and omits as. l. 17. C] bloody Roades. l. 18. C adds]
2. Emb. We therefore, as yet the ministers of Peace, of ffriendship, as yet our MASTERS Swords, and Angers sleeping, all former Injuries forgot, and buried, as yet to stop that swelling tide of Blood, (O mightie Sir) that when it comes, like Tempests broke from the raging North, beates all before 'em. We yet crave restitution of those Lands, those Citties sackd*, those PRISONERS, and that PREY, the Soldiers, by your will, stands Master of; Thinck, etc.
l. 19. B] love great, Sir. l. 20. C] you late held. A] hold. l. 31. C omits stage direction. l. 32. C adds]
or War, (though rather I could afford your Age, so much discretion to leave off brawling now);* The Wars are doubtfull, and on Our Horsemens Staves, Death lookes as grimly as on your keene-edgd Swords: Our darts sure pointed, and from Our sinowye Bowes, we can raise showres of bloody Shaffts, shall hide the face of heaven, and cast as deepe Ecclipzes ore the day, and terrible, as yours: Our Strengthes are equall; Our hopes, as high, and wanton: Even our Men the same in Labours, and in Sufferance: Hunger they dare contemne, as well as yours, and where they find no Meate, feed on their Angers, march on the edge of danger; Rest and Sleepe, (the soules of soft, and tender Bodies) they shake off, as well as yours: And when tyrde Nature locks up their Spiritts, yet like Stormes, farr off, even in their Rest, they raise a warlike Murmurr, we come prepard for either. {Enter Prince Demetrius {from hunting: attended {wth yong Gentlemen.
l. 35. C] trembles. l. 36. C] It's He.
p. 286, l. 6. A gives Gent to the end of this line, not to line 5. l. 11. C] MASTERS lives. l. 18. A comma has been added at end of line. l. 25. C] now a god speakes. A] Now 'a speakes. l. 35. A and C] at his best. l. 40. C] MUNITION: Or must.
p. 287, l. 3. C] must they. l. 4. A] same field. l. 6. C] their desires. l. 9. A] mortall thinge. l. 18. C] it's. l. 19. A and C] make. l. 20. C] 'pray and so throughout. l. 22. C] 'pray ye. l. 25. C] to 'ye. l. 29. C] 'pre-thee and so throughout. l. 37. C omits] Madam, my service— l. 38. A] and 't. ll. 39 and 40. C omits] 2.
p. 288, l. 1. A gives this line to Cel. l. 6. C] ffare ye well. l. 13. C omits] 3. l. 14. C omits] yet. l. 18. C] answeares. l. 25. C] 1. Emb. l. 31. C omits] Gentlemen. l. 34. C] beg that. l. 36. C] growne weake, and old.
p. 289, l. 1. B] yer. l. 5. C] teach me. l. 11. C] O blesse. l. 22. C omits] 2. l. 26. C omits] now. l. 29. A] thinkes. l. 36. A and C] a wing.
p. 290, l. 6. B] ned. l. 7. C] beleeve't. l. 27. C] a wanton. ll. 28, 29 and 30. C]
Ant. did not you mark a Woman my Sonne risse to?Gent. I saw her SirAnt. doe you know her?Gent, noe; beleeve't, Sir:ll. 28-36. A]
Ant. She must be known & suddenly; when you have done Come in and take your leave sir, and some few Prayers along.
Ant. [sic] Do ye know her?
Gent. Char. No, beleeve sir.
Ant. Did you observe her Tymon?
Tym. I look'd on her, But what she is—
Ant. I must have that found.
Tym. Well sir
ll. 35 and 36. C]
Tim. well Sir: Ant. When you have done come in, and take your leave Sir, some fewe praires along.—Ext.
p. 291. C omits l. 9. l. 11. C] see her. l. 16. C gives this line to Leo. l. 21. C] Coronall. l. 26. A] Th'allarums. C] the Allarums of soft vowes, and fightes and fidle-fadles. l. 31. C] Enter y'e Leiuetenant. l. 35. C] hath serv'd. l. 36. C] and trayld a. l. 37. C] so honorbled.
p. 292, l. 18. C] 'not a pangue. l. 20. C] should be all. l. 29. C] that hath. l. 30. C] hath taken. l. 38. C] stay us.
p. 293, l. 9. C] noe 'beleeve' Sir. l. 18. C omits] Sir. l. 39. C] unles 'twas.
p. 294, l. 4. C] y'ar. l. 38. C adds stage direction] Droms beate.
p. 295, l. 14. C adds stage direction] Droms agen. l. 16. C omits stage direction. l. 18. C] fye on. l. 29. C adds] Exeunt severally. l. 31. C] and Timon.
p. 296, ll. 2-4. C adds]
should never be imploid; how are you certaine she is a stranger?
Tim. being so yong, and handsome, and not made privy to your Graces pleasures for I presume under your gracious favo'r you have not yet (Sir.)
Ant. what (Sir?)
Tim. as they say (Sir) made any salley on her, or delighted your roiall body;
Ant. you prate like a coxcombe.
Tim. sure I thinck I doe (Sir) But (howsoever) I speake with in my compasse; in theis matters that concerne partie, and partie, and no farther, that reach but to the meere instruction and garnishing of youth:
Ant. you'll hold your prating?
Tim. I know not: for theis twentie yeares, I am sure on't, (I thinck theis five and twenty) I have serv'd ye, and serv'd ye with as good, and gratious pleasure, like a true Subject, ever cautulous that nothing you receivd from me, to sport ye, but should endure all tests, and all translations: I thinck I have don soe: and I thinck I have fitted yee: and if a coxcomb can doe theis things handsomer:
Ant. Wellcom Minippus. {Enter Minippus.
l. 27. C] confident. l. 30. C gives this line to Car. l. 31. C] there's,
p. 297, l. 1. B] groose. l. 7. C] Enter Demetrius, and Leontius. l. 30. C] I live to know. l. 36. C] sure if.
p. 298, l. 4. C] hang out. l. 7. C] as your. l. 8. C] that know. ll. 10 and 11. C transposes these two ll. l. 12. C] hath sent. l. 17. C] I see ye. l. 29. C] 'pray ye doe. l. 35. C] designes it.
p. 299, l. 2. C] we are mawld. l. 8. C] so thrashd. l. 11. C] on my…about. l. 14. C] Coronall and so throughout, with variations of spelling. l. 18. C] over. l. 30. A by mistake gives this line to Leo. C. omits l. 31. l. 33. C] in peeces. l. 36. C] he hath. l. 37. C] Julipps. l. 38. C gives this line to Dem. l. 39. C] noe: noe: hang him.
p. 300, l. 5. C] dampnable. l. 13. C adds] Exit. l. 21. C omits this line and gives the following line to Leo. l. 24. C] Enter Leucippe, and her Maides, writing. l. 25. C] Mariane. l. 35. C] peevish, very peevish. l. 36. C] and the.
p. 301, l. 1. C adds stage direction] she turnes over a Booke. l. 19. C] those. l. 33. C] The Chamber next to th' Parck. l. 34. C] 2. Maid. l. 35. A and C] bid. l. 37. C] besides, she is. A] beside. l. 39. C omits one Thisbee. A misprints it This.
p. 302, l. 8. C omits stage direction. l. 9. C] follow your. l. 11. adds stage direction] she turnes over y'e Booke. l. 19. C omits stage direction. l. 22. A] and 't. l. 28. C] come heather. l. 33. C] your helpe. l. 38. C omits stage direction. l. 39. C] Maid.
p. 3O3, l. 1. C for Phe reads Girle. l. 3. C omits stage direction. l. 5. C puts I'll…action in parentheses. l. 7. C] Who's that there? and omits stage direction. l. 10. B] Menippe. l. 12. C] if you were. l. 14. C] o' th'. l. 32. C] thou wert.
p. 304, l. 8. C] will yet work, without Barme (boy). l. 12. C] Enter Antigonus, and a Soldier; wth Attendants. l. 18. C] 'faith. A] discretion. l. 20. C] and ye Leiutenant. l. 22. A] Lord Men. A and B] Grace—s. l. 27. C] backs. l. 29. C] by heaven.
p. 305, l. 11. A] say truth. l. 25. C] 'chaunce. l. 30. C omits this line. l. 35. C] but I.
p. 306, l. 5. C] and would. l. 18. C] a joyfull showt. Enter Gentlemen. l. 19. C] He doth. l. 20. B] top? l. 28. C] Gent. l. 34. A and C] for heaven sake. l. 39. C] all take.
p. 307, l. 3. C] stood then before. l. 11. C] that ye. l. 14. C] I give. l. 15. C omits this line. l. 20. C] if 'twer. l. 22. C] ev'n…ev'n that pure blessing. l. 25. C] still (Sir?). l. 28. C] Gent. l. 31. C gives this line to Gent. l. 35. C] 'mercie upon ye. l. 36. C] ayle ye? 'pray doe. A] ayle ye…'death. l. 40. C] did ye.
p. 308, ll. 1 and 2. C] 'beate…'beate. l. 3. A and C] has. l. 9. C] strake. l. 10. C] dost not thou. l. 12. C gives this line to Leo. and the next only to Dem. l. 17. C] 'has beat. A] h'as. l. 19. C omits this line. l. 35. C] now ye.
p. 309, l. 12. C] where 't please you, as ye march. l. 15. C] and there. l. 28. C] a goodly company. l. 34. C] your musty whore; you Rogue.
p. 310, l. 1. C] by this good light I'll. l. 2. C] 'strange. l. 3. C] have that. l. 5. C] out upon thee. l. 16. C] and Hostisse. l. 27. C] there is. l. 32. C] blesse him. l. 38. C] o'th'.
p. 311, l. 8. C] heaven knowes, the. l. 21. C] Minippus and so throughout. l. 34. C] an hundred. l. 37. C omits] on.
p. 312, l. 13. C] her be more. l. 17. C] and Hostesse and so throughout. l. 18. C] from whence. l. 21. C] you knew. l. 27. C] doth it.
p. 313, l. 1. C] a Trap. l. 3. C] how I begin to sweatt now? l. 7. C] out upon it. l. 8. C] 'twas. ll. 26-28 are not in C. l. 29. C] I dare not cursse him? ll. 31-34 are not in C. l. 37. C] in the' ie (Lady). l. 40 is not in C.
p. 314, l. 1 is not in C. l. 14. C] beshrew thy hart, why. ll. 18 and 19. C]
his angry will, if ere he come to know this as he shall.
l. 21. C] too sencibly. ll. 22 and 23. C]
no stale Stuff, for your money-Marts; that sent it? who dares…dar'st.
l. 34. C] how doth he? l. 35. C] oh, my head: my head.
p. 315, l. 1. A] did a'. l. 21 is not in C, but see below. l. 23. C]
Hos. you'll find I said soe:
I say it must be: the more my greif (heaven knowes)
I hope etc.
l. 25. C] art' sure. l. 27. C] (she is mightie crafty. A] peilous crafty. l. 33. C] whilst the.
p. 316, l. 3. C]
(now the devill's in her) he's etc.
l. 13. C] Leontius running after him: Drums within. l. 23. A and C] doe but make. l. 28. C] 'faith. l. 31. C] art' not thou he? l. 37. C] ye' have found the cause on't.
p. 317, l. 8. B] so see. l. 9. C] thou fight no more. l. 10. C] in the. l. 11. C] nere. l. 19. C] heaven deliver me. l. 11. C] Sirha. l. 24. C] provocatives. l. 30. C] a' devill. l. 31. C] provoake ye. l. 36. C] mary' that. l. 37. C] Enter Gentlemen. l. 39. C] hath 'hedgd. A] has.
p. 318, l. 3. C] he hath. l. 4. C omits] Sir. l. 11. C] help. l. 23. C omits] 2. l. 25. C adds another] quickly. l. 26. C] run…thicke. C gives this line to Lieu. and the next to Leo. l. 31. C] I'll bate thee one: goe winck, and fight: for shame. l. 38. C] a tird Girole. l. 39. C omits] 2.
p. 319, l. 1. C] why that, (Sir) that: doe. l. 2. C omits] 2. ll. 10 and 11. C]
I thanck thee: A] God a mercy,
I thanck thee, with. God a mercy with.
l. 17. C] argument: a toy: l. 18. C omits this line. l. 21. C] I'll nere. l. 23. C] fit ye. l. 24. C] upon's. l. 25. C] who doth best: (Boyes.)
p. 320, l. 1. C] how doth she her coming? l. 11. C] she hath. l. 14. C] she hath…they fitt. l. 17. C] and others. l. 18. A omits] Ant. l. 21. A] sung to it. l. 22. C] Eies (by heaven) they kill on. l. 33. C] 'pray ye where's. l. 37. C] there was.
p. 321, l. 16. C] Ladies. l. 17. C] not trouble ye. l. 20. A and C] of such. l. 28. C] on my.
p. 322, l. 12. C omits] now. l. 25. C] Gentlemen. l. 26. C] sure I. l. 33. C] and of a.
p. 323, l. 2. C] and Gentlemen. l. 19. C] a flotten. ll. 24-26 are omitted in C. l. 34. C omits] 'Life.
p. 324, l. 9. C adds a fourth ha. l. 12. C omits] 2. l. 15. C gives this line to 1 Phis and the next to 2 Phis. l. 21. C] did not I. l. 23. C] he's. l. 34. C] and other Gentlemen.
p. 325, l. 3. C] our Watches. l. 5. C] 'faith. l. 8. C] yet: I see he. l. 9. C omits] too. l. 11. C] beleeve'. l. 18. C] such a Hell…rise to. l. 22. C] he's fairly. l. 24. A and C] Doctor. l. 26. C omits] 2. l. 31. C omits stage direction. l. 36. C adds stage direction] he drinks. 2. Kans.
p. 326, l. 3. B misprints] remembrace. l. 7. C] Will performd. l. 9. C] Wine begins to tickle. l. 12. C] a Drom beates. l. 13. C] one sung. l. 15. C] Song? l. 18. C omits] 2. ll. 20 and 21. A] dare ye…dare ye. l. 25. C] 'bove. l. 28. C gives this line to Dem. ending with Sore? and adds 'tis true (Sir) to the beginning of Phis. l. 34. C]
Phis. I know he's weake: but yet his hart's whole.
p. 327, l. 2. C gives this line to Dem. l. 6. C] how the. l. 8. C omits] away, away, away. l. 10. C] and Soldiers. l. 24. C adds] Alarum within. l. 31. C] who charges.