Полная версия:
Доверие в долг. Криптовалюты как деньги и кредит: механизм, циклы, правила
1195
O. Godbole, «Goldman Cautions Against Extrapolating Previous Bitcoin Halving Cycles for Price Predictions», CoinDesk, 17.04.2024 (по записке Goldman Sachs FICC and Equities от 12.04.2024), https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2024/04/17/goldman-cautions-against-extrapolating-previous-bitcoin-halving-cycles-for-price-predictions.
1196
расчёт: даты халвингов — (Bitcoin Wiki, mempool.space, The Block); даты пиков — (Bitstamp).
1197
R. J. Shiller, «Narrative Economics», American Economic Review 107(4), April 2017, pp. 967–1004, DOI 10.1257/aer.107.4.967, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.107.4.967; расчёт: даты халвингов — (Bitcoin Wiki, mempool.space, The Block); даты пиков — (Bitstamp).
1198
расчёт: даты халвингов — (Bitcoin Wiki, mempool.space, The Block); даты пиков — (Bitstamp).
1199
FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, ряд FEDFUNDS (Effective Federal Funds Rate, в среднем за месяц): https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=FEDFUNDS&cosd=2021-12-01&coed=2023-09-01; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=FEDFUNDS&cosd=2024-06-01&coed=2026-09-01.
1200
FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, ряд FEDFUNDS (Effective Federal Funds Rate, в среднем за месяц): https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=FEDFUNDS&cosd=2021-12-01&coed=2023-09-01; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=FEDFUNDS&cosd=2024-06-01&coed=2026-09-01.
1201
FRED, ряд M2SL (M2, сезонно скорректированный, млрд долл.): https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=M2SL&cosd=2020-01-01&coed=2023-12-01.
1202
FRED: эффективная ставка по федеральным фондам (FEDFUNDS, среднее за месяц) — около 0,08% до февраля 2022 года, 5,33% в августе 2023-го, около 3,63–3,64% в 2026 году; M2 (M2SL, с сезонной поправкой) — 15,49 трлн долларов в феврале 2020 года, 21,79 трлн в марте 2022-го, 20,74 трлн в октябре 2023-го. Рост биткоина в 18 раз — от 3850 долларов (13.03.2020) до 69 000 (10.11.2021), Bitstamp (FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, ряд FEDFUNDS (Effective Federal Funds Rate, в среднем за месяц): https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=FEDFUNDS&cosd=2021-12-01&coed=2023-09-01; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=FEDFUNDS&cosd=2024-06-01&coed=2026-09-01; FRED, ряд M2SL (M2, сезонно скорректированный, млрд долл.): https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=M2SL&cosd=2020-01-01&coed=2023-12-01).
1203
T. Adrian, T. Iyer, M. Qureshi, «Crypto Prices Move More in Sync With Stocks, Posing New Risks», IMF Blog, 11.01.2022, https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2022/01/11/crypto-prices-move-more-in-sync-with-stocks-posing-new-risks.
1204
T. Adrian, T. Iyer, M. Qureshi, «Crypto Prices Move More in Sync With Stocks, Posing New Risks», IMF Blog, 11.01.2022, https://www.imf.org/en/blogs/articles/2022/01/11/crypto-prices-move-more-in-sync-with-stocks-posing-new-risks.
1205
L. Alden, September 2024 Newsletter, https://www.lynalden.com/september-2024-newsletter/.
1206
Alden L. September 2024 Newsletter: «Bitcoin has been highly correlated with global liquidity, and I expect that to continue.» Популярную цифру о «83% совпадения» биткоина с мировой M2, которую приписывают Олден, подтвердить не удалось, и в книге она не используется (L. Alden, September 2024 Newsletter, https://www.lynalden.com/september-2024-newsletter/).
1207
S. Karau, «Monetary policy and Bitcoin», Deutsche Bundesbank Discussion Paper No 41/2021, аннотация: https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/bubdps/412021.html; страница Бундесбанка: https://www.bundesbank.de/en/publications/research/discussion-papers/monetary-policy-and-bitcoin-880226; журнальная версия: Journal of International Money and Finance 137, 2023, 102880.
1208
Karau S. Monetary policy and Bitcoin. Deutsche Bundesbank Discussion Paper No 41/2021; журнальная версия — Journal of International Money and Finance 137, 2023, 102880: «…a disinflationary monetary tightening by the ECB lowers valuations — consistent with the notion of Bitcoin as a digital gold —, whereas a Fed tightening increases Bitcoin prices.» Работа построена на недельных данных; период выборки в аннотации не указан (S. Karau, «Monetary policy and Bitcoin», Deutsche Bundesbank Discussion Paper No 41/2021, аннотация: https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/bubdps/412021.html; страница Бундесбанка: https://www.bundesbank.de/en/publications/research/discussion-papers/monetary-policy-and-bitcoin-880226; журнальная версия: Journal of International Money and Finance 137, 2023, 102880; метаданные Crossref и OpenAlex: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2023.102880; препринт SSRN 2021, DOI 10.2139/ssrn.3988527).
1209
S. Karau, «Monetary policy and Bitcoin», Deutsche Bundesbank Discussion Paper No 41/2021, аннотация: https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/bubdps/412021.html; страница Бундесбанка: https://www.bundesbank.de/en/publications/research/discussion-papers/monetary-policy-and-bitcoin-880226; журнальная версия: Journal of International Money and Finance 137, 2023, 102880.
1210
FRED, M2SL, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=M2SL&cosd=2024-01-01&coed=2026-09-01; FEDFUNDS; цены — https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=4&start=1759622400; FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, ряд FEDFUNDS (Effective Federal Funds Rate, в среднем за месяц): https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=FEDFUNDS&cosd=2021-12-01&coed=2023-09-01; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=FEDFUNDS&cosd=2024-06-01&coed=2026-09-01.
1211
FRED, M2SL: 22,41 трлн долларов в январе 2026 года, 23,34 трлн в августе 2026-го (FRED, M2SL, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=M2SL&cosd=2024-01-01&coed=2026-09-01; FEDFUNDS; цены — https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=4&start=1759622400).
1212
FRED, M2SL, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=M2SL&cosd=2024-01-01&coed=2026-09-01; FEDFUNDS; цены — https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=4&start=1759622400.
1213
FRED, M2SL, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=M2SL&cosd=2024-01-01&coed=2026-09-01; FEDFUNDS; цены — https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=4&start=1759622400.
1214
Z. Pokorny, «The State of Crypto Leverage – Q3 2025», Galaxy Research, 19.11.2025, https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/crypto-leverage-q3-2025-defi-cefi-lending-digital-asset-treasury-debt-futures-perpetuals; Z. Pokorny, «The State of Crypto Leverage Q2 2026: An Orderly, Measured Decline», 17.08.2026, https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/crypto-leverage-report-q2-2026-defi-lending-decline-futures-open-interest; CoinDesk Research, «Market Spotlight: Inside Crypto’s $19 Billion Liquidation Event», 17.10.2025 (обновлено 30.10.2025), https://www.coindesk.com/research/market-spotlight-the-19-billion-liquidation-that-shook-crypto; FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, ряд FEDFUNDS (Effective Federal Funds Rate, в среднем за месяц): https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=FEDFUNDS&cosd=2021-12-01&coed=2023-09-01; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=FEDFUNDS&cosd=2024-06-01&coed=2026-09-01.
1215
T. Shen, «Hyperliquid founder says certain CEXs may underreport liquidations», The Block, 13.10.2025, https://www.theblock.co/post/374311/hyperliquid-founder-says-certain-cexs-may-underreport-liquidations.
1216
Z. Pokorny, «The State of Crypto Leverage – Q3 2025», Galaxy Research, 19.11.2025, https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/crypto-leverage-q3-2025-defi-cefi-lending-digital-asset-treasury-debt-futures-perpetuals; Z. Pokorny, «The State of Crypto Leverage Q2 2026: An Orderly, Measured Decline», 17.08.2026, https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/crypto-leverage-report-q2-2026-defi-lending-decline-futures-open-interest.
1217
BitMEX API, https://www.bitmex.com/api/v1/funding?symbol=XBTUSD&startTime=2025-09-28&endTime=2025-10-14&count=100&reverse=false; Z. Pokorny, «The State of Crypto Leverage – Q3 2025», Galaxy Research, 19.11.2025, https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/crypto-leverage-q3-2025-defi-cefi-lending-digital-asset-treasury-debt-futures-perpetuals; Z. Pokorny, «The State of Crypto Leverage Q2 2026: An Orderly, Measured Decline», 17.08.2026, https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/crypto-leverage-report-q2-2026-defi-lending-decline-futures-open-interest.
1218
R. Auer, G. Cornelli, S. Doerr, J. Frost, L. Gambacorta, «Crypto trading and Bitcoin prices: evidence from a new database of retail adoption», BIS Working Paper 1049, 14.11.2022, https://www.bis.org/publ/work1049.htm; M. Schmeling, A. Schrimpf, K. Todorov, «Crypto carry», BIS Working Paper 1087, April 2023, https://www.bis.org/publ/work1087.htm; CoinDesk Research, «Market Spotlight: Inside Crypto’s $19 Billion Liquidation Event», 17.10.2025 (обновлено 30.10.2025), https://www.coindesk.com/research/market-spotlight-the-19-billion-liquidation-that-shook-crypto; Z. Pokorny, «The State of Crypto Leverage – Q3 2025», Galaxy Research, 19.11.2025, https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/crypto-leverage-q3-2025-defi-cefi-lending-digital-asset-treasury-debt-futures-perpetuals; Z. Pokorny, «The State of Crypto Leverage Q2 2026: An Orderly, Measured Decline», 17.08.2026, https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/crypto-leverage-report-q2-2026-defi-lending-decline-futures-open-interest; Galaxy Research, Q3 2025; Galaxy Research, Q2 2026; Bitstamp API: https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=5&start=1636329600; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=5&start=1668816000; O. Godbole, «Crypto Futures Saw Record $10B Worth of Liquidations on Sunday», CoinDesk, 19.04.2021 (по данным Bybt — прежнее название CoinGlass), https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2021/04/19/crypto-futures-saw-record-10b-worth-of-liquidations-on-sunday; T. Shen, «Hyperliquid founder says certain CEXs may underreport liquidations», The Block, 13.10.2025, https://www.theblock.co/post/374311/hyperliquid-founder-says-certain-cexs-may-underreport-liquidations; BitMEX API: https://www.bitmex.com/api/v1/funding?symbol=XBTUSD&startTime=2021-02-01&endTime=2021-02-28&count=100&reverse=false; https://www.bitmex.com/api/v1/funding?symbol=XBTUSD&startTime=2021-10-25&endTime=2021-11-12&count=100&reverse=false; BitMEX API, https://www.bitmex.com/api/v1/funding?symbol=XBTUSD&startTime=2022-11-05&endTime=2022-11-25&count=100&reverse=false.
1219
Bitstamp API: https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=4&start=1759622400; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=5&start=1782691200; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=5&start=1782172800; трёхдневные свечи за январь–март и июль–сентябрь 2026: https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=259200&limit=30&start=1767225600; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=259200&limit=30&start=1782864000.
1220
Z. Pokorny, «The State of Crypto Leverage – Q3 2025», Galaxy Research, 19.11.2025, https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/crypto-leverage-q3-2025-defi-cefi-lending-digital-asset-treasury-debt-futures-perpetuals; Z. Pokorny, «The State of Crypto Leverage Q2 2026: An Orderly, Measured Decline», 17.08.2026, https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/crypto-leverage-report-q2-2026-defi-lending-decline-futures-open-interest.
1221
Galaxy Research, Q2 2026.
1222
Bitstamp API: https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=4&start=1759622400; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=5&start=1782691200; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=5&start=1782172800; трёхдневные свечи за январь–март и июль–сентябрь 2026: https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=259200&limit=30&start=1767225600; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=259200&limit=30&start=1782864000.
1223
WizSec, «The missing MtGox bitcoins», 19.04.2015, https://blog.wizsec.jp/2015/04/the-missing-mtgox-bitcoins.html; Wikipedia, «Mt. Gox» (ссылки на Bloomberg, Reuters, Wired), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Gox.
1224
Bitcoin Wiki, «History», раздел 2011, https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History.
1225
CoinDesk, «Down More than 70% in 2018, Bitcoin Closes Its Worst Year on Record», 02.01.2019, https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2019/01/02/down-more-than-70-in-2018-bitcoin-closes-its-worst-year-on-record.
1226
Bitcoin Wiki, «History», раздел 2009, https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History.
1227
R. Manly, «The Very Early Bitcoin Exchanges of 2009 to 2011», BullionStar, https://www.bullionstar.com/blogs/ronan-manly/dawn-of-bitcoin-price-discovery-2009-2011-the-very-early-bitcoin-exchanges/ (цитирует архив страницы NLS: web.archive.org/web/20091229132610/http://newlibertystandard.wetpaint.com/page/Exchange+Rate).
1228
Manly R. The Very Early Bitcoin Exchanges of 2009 to 2011. BullionStar — цитата архивной страницы New Liberty Standard: «dividing $1.00 by the average amount of electricity required to run a computer with high CPU for a year, 1331.5 kWh, multiplied by the average residential cost of electricity in the United States for the previous year, $0.1136, divided by 12 months divided by the number of bitcoins generated by my computer over the past 30 days.» Пометка в Bitcoin Wiki (History): «theymos thought NLS was overcharging» (R. Manly, «The Very Early Bitcoin Exchanges of 2009 to 2011», BullionStar, https://www.bullionstar.com/blogs/ronan-manly/dawn-of-bitcoin-price-discovery-2009-2011-the-very-early-bitcoin-exchanges/ (цитирует архив страницы NLS: web.archive.org/web/20091229132610/http://newlibertystandard.wetpaint.com/page/Exchange+Rate); Bitcoin Wiki, «History», раздел 2009, https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History).
1229
R. Manly, «The Very Early Bitcoin Exchanges of 2009 to 2011», BullionStar, https://www.bullionstar.com/blogs/ronan-manly/dawn-of-bitcoin-price-discovery-2009-2011-the-very-early-bitcoin-exchanges/ (цитирует архив страницы NLS: web.archive.org/web/20091229132610/http://newlibertystandard.wetpaint.com/page/Exchange+Rate).
1230
Bitcoin Wiki, «History» (дата основания), https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History; Bitcoin Wiki, «Bitcoin Market» (начало торгов, PayPal), https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Market.
1231
laszlo, «Pizza for bitcoins?», bitcointalk.org, topic 137, пост от 18.05.2010, 12:35:20 AM, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=137.0.
1232
laszlo. Pizza for bitcoins? bitcointalk.org, topic 137, 18.05.2010: «I’ll pay 10,000 bitcoins for a couple of pizzas.. like maybe 2 large ones so I have some left over for the next day.» Город — в посте того же дня: «Jacksonville, Florida zip code 32224 United States». Время постов форум показывает без часового пояса (laszlo, «Pizza for bitcoins?», bitcointalk.org, topic 137, пост от 18.05.2010, 12:35:20 AM, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=137.0).
1233
laszlo, bitcointalk, topic 137, пост от 22.05.2010, 07:17:26 PM, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=137.0.
1234
Там же, 22.05.2010: «I just want to report that I successfully traded 10,000 bitcoins for pizza. Pictures: … Thanks jercos!» Оценка заказа — пост от 12.06.2010: «the 2 pizzas are only about 25 dollars total, maybe 30 if you give the guy a nice tip.» Пост от 04.08.2010: «I can’t really afford to keep doing it since I can’t generate thousands of coins a day anymore» (laszlo, bitcointalk, topic 137, пост от 22.05.2010, 07:17:26 PM, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=137.0; laszlo, bitcointalk, topic 137, пост от 12.06.2010, 08:14:44 PM, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=137.0).
1235
laszlo, bitcointalk, topic 137, пост от 12.06.2010, 08:14:44 PM, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=137.0.
1236
CoinDesk, «What You Didn’t Know About Laszlo Hanyecz, the Bitcoin Pizza Day Legend», 22.05.2025, https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2025/05/22/what-you-didnt-know-about-laszlo-hanyecz-the-bitcoin-pizza-day-legend.
1237
laszlo, bitcointalk, topic 137, пост от 12.06.2010, 08:14:44 PM, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=137.0.
1238
Bitstamp API: https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=4&start=1759622400; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=5&start=1782691200; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=5&start=1782172800; трёхдневные свечи за январь–март и июль–сентябрь 2026: https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=259200&limit=30&start=1767225600; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=259200&limit=30&start=1782864000.
1239
CoinDesk, «What You Didn’t Know About Laszlo Hanyecz, the Bitcoin Pizza Day Legend», 22.05.2025, https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2025/05/22/what-you-didnt-know-about-laszlo-hanyecz-the-bitcoin-pizza-day-legend.
1240
CoinDesk, 22.05.2025, цитата Ханьеча 2019 года: «A trade happens because both parties think they’re getting a good deal. I felt like I was beating the internet, getting free food.» Число 81 432 BTC — подсчёт журналиста по данным блокчейна, методика не раскрыта. Пересчёт 10 000 BTC — мой: 10 000 × около 84 000 долларов (Bitstamp, закрытие 26.09.2026 — 84 433 доллара) (CoinDesk, «What You Didn’t Know About Laszlo Hanyecz, the Bitcoin Pizza Day Legend», 22.05.2025, https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2025/05/22/what-you-didnt-know-about-laszlo-hanyecz-the-bitcoin-pizza-day-legend; Bitstamp API: https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=4&start=1759622400; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=5&start=1782691200; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=5&start=1782172800; трёхдневные свечи за январь–март и июль–сентябрь 2026: https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=259200&limit=30&start=1767225600; https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=259200&limit=30&start=1782864000). Свежая цена — в приложении Б.
1241
Bitcoin Wiki, «History» («July 17: MtGox established»), https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History; Wikipedia, «Mt. Gox» (18 июля 2010), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Gox.
1242
Bitcoin Wiki, «History», раздел 2010, https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History.
1243
Bitcoin Wiki, «History», https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History.
1244
Bitcoin Wiki, «History», https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History; Bitcoin Wiki, «History», раздел 2011, https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History; Bitcoin Wiki, «History», раздел 2011, https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History.
1245
Bitcoin Wiki, «History», раздел 2011, https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History.
1246
Bitcoin Wiki, «History», раздел 2011, https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History.
1247
Wikipedia, «Silk Road (marketplace)», https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace); U.S. Attorney’s Office SDNY, «Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Seizure Of Additional $28 Million Worth Of Bitcoins Belonging To Ross William Ulbricht…», 25.10.2013, https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nys/pressreleases/October13/SilkRoadSeizurePR.php.
1248
Bitcoin Wiki, «History» («March 1: MagicalTux buys mtgox.com from its founder Jed McCaleb»), https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History; Wikipedia, «Mt. Gox», https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Gox.
1249
G. Hileman, «2013 Bitcoin Trading Volume: The Winners and Losers», CoinDesk, 24.12.2013, https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2013/12/24/2013-bitcoin-trading-volume-the-winners-and-losers.
1250
Bitcoin Wiki, «History», раздел 2011, https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History.
1251
Bitcoin Wiki, «History», https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History; Wikipedia, «Mt. Gox» (со ссылкой на Ars Technica, 15–19.06.2011), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Gox.
1252
Bitcoin Wiki, History: «June 19: Someone was able to access an admin account at MtGox and issue sell orders for hundreds of thousands of fake bitcoins, forcing the MtGox price down from $17.51 per bitcoin to $0.01.» Bitcoin Wiki (страница 2011) и Wikipedia говорят о взломанной учётной записи аудитора; дата утечки базы в источниках расходится («a few days later» у Wikipedia) (Bitcoin Wiki, «History», https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History; Wikipedia, «Mt. Gox» (со ссылкой на Ars Technica, 15–19.06.2011), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Gox).
1253
Bitcoin Wiki, «History», раздел 2011, https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History.
1254
Bitcoin Wiki, «History» (дата основания), https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/History; Bitcoin Wiki, «Bitcoin Market» (начало торгов, PayPal), https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Market.
1255
McLeay, Radia, Thomas, «Money creation in the modern economy», BoE QB 2014 Q1, стр. 16.
1256
Bitstamp API: https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=61&start=1314835200 (сентябрь–октябрь 2011); https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=30&start=1320105600 (ноябрь 2011); https://www.bitstamp.net/api/v2/ohlc/btcusd/?step=86400&limit=40&start=1322697600 (декабрь 2011 — начало января 2012); пик — Bitcoin Wiki.
1257
WizSec, «The missing MtGox bitcoins», 19.04.2015, https://blog.wizsec.jp/2015/04/the-missing-mtgox-bitcoins.html.
1258
Wikipedia, «Silk Road (marketplace)» (пересказ жалобы ФБР, 2013), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace).
1259
U.S. Attorney’s Office SDNY, «Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Seizure Of Additional $28 Million Worth Of Bitcoins Belonging To Ross William Ulbricht…», 25.10.2013, https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nys/pressreleases/October13/SilkRoadSeizurePR.php.
1260
U.S. Attorney’s Office SDNY, 25.10.2013: «All told, the site generated sales revenue of more than 9.5 million Bitcoins and collected commissions from these sales totaling more than 600,000 Bitcoins», что «roughly equivalent to approximately $1.2 billion in sales and approximately $80 million in commissions». Там же начало работы сайта — январь 2011 года (по Wikipedia — февраль). Более точные числа (9 519 664 BTC, 1 229 465 сделок) есть только в пересказе Wikipedia. В приговорном сообщении 2015 года прокуратура приводит другую, более узкую оценку, больше 200 млн долларов нелегальных товаров, и смешивать две цифры нельзя (U.S. Attorney’s Office SDNY, «Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Seizure Of Additional $28 Million Worth Of Bitcoins Belonging To Ross William Ulbricht…», 25.10.2013, https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nys/pressreleases/October13/SilkRoadSeizurePR.php; Wikipedia, «Silk Road (marketplace)» (пересказ жалобы ФБР, 2013), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace); SDNY/ICE, 29.05.2015).
1261
Meiklejohn et al., 2013, разделы 3.1 и 4.5.
1262
Wikipedia, «Ross Ulbricht», https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Ulbricht; Wikipedia, «Silk Road (marketplace)», https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace).
