The Journal of Negro History, Volume 5, 1920

110

P. 157.

111

Rhodes, History of the United States, I, 210.

112

Ibid., I, 224-25. See also Ward, Autobiography of a Fugitive Negro, p. 127.

113

Ibid., I, 222-23. See also The Voice of the Fugitive, June 3 and July 1, 1852.

114

Schauler, History of the United States, V, 290-291.

115

Troy, Hairbreadth Escapes, pp. 39-43.

116

Liberator, June 11, 1852. See also The Voice of the Fugitive, June 17, 1852.

117

Ibid., July 30, 1852.

118

Liberator, Sept. 12, 1851; The Voice of the Fugitive, Sept. 24, 1851; Anti-slavery Tracts, New Series, No. 15, p. 19.

119

Sandusky Commercial Register, Oct. 21, 1852; Liberator, Oct. 29, 1852; Anti-slavery Tracts, New Series, No. 15, p. 24.

120

The Voice of the Fugitive, February 12, 1851.

121

Ninth Annual Report, N. Y., 1855, p. 47

122

American Anti-slavery Society, Eleventh Annual Report, 1851, p. 100.

123

The Voice of the Fugitive of January 15, 1851, and November 18, 1852.

124

Ibid., January 1 and May 20, 1852.

125

Troy, Hair-breadth Escapes, pp. 108 and 122.

126

"The Canadian government reckoned that there had been not less than 40,000 Canadian enlistments in the American Army during the Civil War."—Goldwin Smith's Correspondence (letter to Moberly Bell), p. 377.

127

Taken in great measure from the biographical notice by the writer in the Journal of the Institute of Jamaica, July, 1896.

128

For a general sketch of this period see W. J. Gardner's a History of Jamaica, pp. 211-317.

129

This movement had for years been promoted by the heroic few. It was then getting a hearing in Parliament. They first advocated the abolition of the slave trade and then directed attention to slavery.

130

These contributions closely connected Hill with the men whose new thought revolutionized science a few decades later.

131

San Domingo was then independent and the success of the free Negroes there would have a direct bearing on the anti-slavery movement, as indifferent white men sometimes contended that the free Negro was a failure.

132

Slavery in the British West Indies was not actually abolished instantly. Gradual emancipation was the method tried in most parts and even in cases of immediate emancipation the system of apprenticeship which followed was not much better than slavery.

133

The office of Secretary to the Stipendiary Magistrates was established in order to assist Governor Sligo to get through the enormous amount of correspondence entailed by the complaints sent to him in connection with the administration of the laws with regard to the apprenticeship system.

134

Documents printed by order of the Senate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts during the Session of the Grand Court, 1861, No. 96, p. 10.

135

The figures given by The Centinel differed a little from these. According to its census in 1765, Barnstable had 516 Indians instead of 515; Bristol had 401 Negroes and 167 Indians; Essex 977 Negroes instead of 1,070; Middlesex 871 Negroes and 37 Indians; Nantucket 93 Indians instead of 149; Norfolk 420 Negroes instead of 414; Plymouth 223 Indians instead of 227; Suffolk 891 Negroes instead of 844; Worcester 304 Negroes instead of 267. See J. H. Benton's Early Census making in Massachusetts.

136

Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, passim.

137

Documents printed by order of the Senate of Massachusetts, 1861, No. 96, p. 84.

138

Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, p. 10.

139

Ibid., p. 34.

140

The Laws of Massachusetts, 1811.

141

Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, pp. 38-39.

142

Laws of Massachusetts, 1828.

143

"Sixty-six out of the whole number of the tribe, at the time of the enumeration, were not residents of the District; but 52 of them were considered as retaining their rights in the tribe, and more than half of the 66 were understood to be only temporary residents abroad, expecting, at some time, to return to Marshpee, and make it their permanent place of residence. A few others, as a matter of personal convenience, are now residing just over the line, and are so returned, but they consider themselves as identified with the tribe in all respects, and are so considered by the tribe. Fourteen individuals, included in the above 66, whose names are in the 'Supplementary List,' own no land in the District, but have been gone so long from it, that they are not now recognized by residents as members of the tribe." Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, p. 40.

144

Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, p. 47.

145

Ibid., pp. 73-74.

146

Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, p. 84.

147

Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, p. 101.

148

Ibid., p. 109.

149

Ibid., pp. 131-132.

150

Massachusetts Acts of 1884, 1890, 1892, and 1893.

151

Massachusetts Acts of 1869, Chapter 463.

152

"A method was also provided through which his title might be established. This was through Commissioners which were to be appointed by the Probate Court who were to act under the direction of the Court and determine all necessary questions and make their report from which the Court could make its order or decrees. Any person who deemed himself aggrieved had the right to appeal to the Supreme Judicial Court. The right of the Indians became vested and forcible the moment the statute took effect." See a statement from the present Attorney General of Massachusetts, dated December 1, 1919.

153

"Section 5, chapter 463 of the Acts of 1869 provided that the general agent of the board of state charities shall take charge of the house, and all property connected therewith, in the town of Webster, belonging to the Commonwealth and permission was given him to lease the same to persona heretofore known as members of the Dudley tribe of Indians, upon terms substantially like those upon which they have heretofore occupied it; or to sell the same at public auction under the direction of the state board of charities and pay the proceeds of such lease or sale into the Treasury of the Commonwealth." Statement of present Attorney General of Massachusetts, submitted December 1, 1919.

154

Samuel A. Drake, History of Middlesex County. Massachusetts, pp. 194, 280.

155

John W. Cromwell, The Negro in American History, 98-103.

156

These facts were obtained from Mr. Butler himself.

157

This list was obtained from the office of the Attorney General of Massachusetts.

158

Compiled by Monroe N. Work.

159

Beverly, History of Alabama, 202, 208.

160

Beverly, History of Alabama, 202, 208.

161

Not returned for the 1875-1876 session.

162

Furnished by Major John R. Lynch, May 19, 1915.

163

Ibid., pp. 481-862.

164

Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina, pp. 76-79.

165

In 1895 South Carolina again revised her constitution. In the convention held for this purpose there were found Negro delegates, viz.: Thomas E. Miller, L. R. Reed, Robert Smalls, W. J. Whipper and James Wigg, all from Beaufort County. Smalls and Whipper had been delegates in the 1868 convention. (Reported by H. H. Wallace.)

166

Furnished by Mr. H. A. Wallace, a former page in the South Carolina House of Representatives in the Reconstruction Period.

167

Furnished by H. A. Wallace, a former page in the South Carolina House of Representatives in the Reconstruction Period.

[21] Names marked with asterisk not in lists given in Reynold's Reconstruction in South Carolina, pp. 107-108, 394-396.

168

Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina, pp. 106-108.

169

Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina, pp. 394-396.

170

Furnished by H. A. Wallace, a former page in the South Carolina House of Representatives in the Reconstruction Period.

171

Ibid.

172

Ibid.

173

George H. White, North Carolina, member of 55th and 56th Congresses, as the last Negro member. (Editor.)

174

He was a page in the South Carolina House of Representatives in the Reconstruction Period.

175

There were no colored members of the Tennessee Senate.

176

1868, 1870, see North Carolina list, Pasquotank County.

177

This account was taken from James G. Thompson's Papers by his daughter, Caroline B. Stephen, of Washington, D.C. Special Correspondence of the New York Tribune.

178

This dissertation was in 1917 submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Literature of the University of Chicago, in candidacy for the degree of Master of Arts by Henry S. Williams.

The following original sources were used in the preparation of this manuscript: Reports of Superintendent of the Public Schools of the State of Missouri, 1866-1917; Session Laws of the State of Missouri, 1866-1913; Reports of the U.S. Commissioner of Education, 1870-1916; U.S. Census Reports, 1860-1910; The Missouri Republican, 1866-1870; Journal of Education, Vols. I and II (St. Louis, Missouri, 1879); Revised Statutes of Missouri, 1879-1909; Proceedings and Occasional Papers of the Slater Fund (Baltimore, Maryland); Missouri Historical Society Collections, Vols. II and III; Asa E. Martin, Our Negro Population (Kansas City, Missouri, 1913); N.H. Parker, Missouri as it is in 1867 (Philadelphia, 1867); Am. Annual Cyclopedia, 1870-1877; Annual Reports of the Board of Education of St. Louis, 1867-1916; Annual Reports of the Board of Education, of Kansas City, 1870-1915.

The secondary sources consulted follow: Lucian Carr, American Commonwealths, Missouri a Bone of Contention (Boston, 1894); C.R. Barnes, Switzler's Illustrated History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1889); W.B. Davis, and D.S. Durrie, An Illustrated History of Missouri (Cincinnati, Ohio); S.B. Harding, Life of George R. Smith (Sedalia, Missouri, 1904); W.E.B. DuBois, The Negro Common School (Atlanta, Georgia); C.L. Butt, History of Buchanan County (Chicago, 1915); H.A. Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 1804-1865 (Baltimore, Maryland, 1914); C.G. Woodson, The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, (New York, 1915); History of Calloway County (St. Louis, 1884); History of Cole, Moniteau, Morgan, Benton, Miller, Maries, and Orange Counties, Missouri (Chicago, 1889); J.T. Shaff, History of St. Louis City and County (Philadelphia, 1885); R.A. Campbell, Campbell's Gazetteer of Missouri (St. Louis, 1875); Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis (New York, 1889); Missouri Historical Review, Vols. I, II, IV, VI, VII, and IX (Columbia, Missouri); The Negro Year Book (Tuskegee, Alabama, 1917).

179

Parker, N.H., Missouri as it is in 1867, p. 424.

180

Woodson, C.G., Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, p. 159-168.

181

Missouri State Convention of 1865, Art. IX.

182

Laws of State of Missouri, Adjourned Session 23d General Assembly, p. 177.

183

Laws of the State of Missouri, op. cit., p. 191.

184

Ibid., p. 173.

185

Ira Divoll, see Schaff, Hist. of City and County of St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 843; R.D. Shannon, see Davis, W.B., Ill. Hist. of Mo., p. 587.

186

Ibid., p. 550.

187

Ann. Reports of Supt. of Pub. Schools, 1871-'72-'73-'74.

188

8th Ann. Report of Supt. of Pub. Schools, 1874, p. 37.

189

7th Ann. Report of Supt. of Pub. Schools, 1873, p. 250.

190

7th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1873, p. 281.

191

Ibid., p. 256.

192

Journal of Education, Vol. II, No. 1, p. 5, St. Louis, 1869.

193

Report of Commissioner of Education, 1870, p. 202.

194

N. H. Parker, Missouri as it is in 1865, p. 53. Op. cit.

195

Report of Commissioner of Ed., 1871, p. 260.

196

Parker, op. cit., p. 54.

197

1st Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools of Missouri, 1867, p. 9.

198

27th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools of Mo., 1877, p. 17.

199

5th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools of Mo., 1871, p. 125-245.

200

7th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools of Mo., 1873, pp. 233-300.

201

9th Annual Report of Supt. of Schools, 1875, p. 23.

202

Missouri State Constitution of 1840, Art. 6.

203

5th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1871, p. 6.

204

8th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1874, p. 5.

205

2nd Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1868, p. 10.

206

Journal of Education, 1869, Vol. I, p. 181.

207

Laws of State of Mo., Adj. Sess., 24th Assembly, p. 170.

208

See page 140 of this work.

209

Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1874, p. 44.

210

Laws of State of Mo., Adj. Sess., 27th Assemb., p. 168.

211

A Bill to establish mixed schools.

212

9th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1875.

213

Report of Com. of Ed., 1870, p. 202.

214

26th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1876, p. 12.

215

Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1867, p. 28.

216

Ibid., 1868, p. 59.

217

6th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1872, p. 257.

218

E.H. Davis, Clark County. See 7th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1872, p. 246.

219

Ibid., p. 45.

220

8th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1873, p. 38.

221

Ibid.

222

9th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1875, p. 18.

223

Laws of State of Missouri, 25th Gen. Ass., 1869, p. 86.

224

Laws of State of Missouri, Reg. Session, 25th Gen. Assemb., p. 164.

225

26th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1876, p. 12.

226

27th Gen. Assemb., Adj. Sess., p. 168.

227

7th Ann. Report of Gen. Ass. Adj. Sess., p. 233. By reading the annual letters of the county superintendents the fact is brought out that most of the colored schools of that period were in the towns and cities. It was in the rural districts that the Negro suffered most.

228

8th Ann. Report of Supt. Of Schools, 1874, p. 165-219.

229

Asa E. Martin, Our Negro Population, p. 165.

230

9th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, p. 90 to 136.

231

Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1867, p. 10.

232

Ibid., 1872, p. 51.

233

Ibid., 1875, p. 84.

234

2nd Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1868, p. 94.

235

Ibid., 1874, p. 185.

236

Report of Supt. of Schools, 1875, p. 77.

237

Reg. Session, 28th Gen. Assembly, p. 349.

238

Ency. of History of St. Louis, Vol. IV, p. 2076.

239

14th Ann. Report of Bd. of Dir. of St. Louis Pub. Schools, 1868, pp. 63 and 67.

240

Report of Commissioner of Education, 1871, p. 264.

241

Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1876.

242

Ibid., 1873, pp. 263 and 268.

243

Report of Commissioner of Education, 1871.

244

Ibid., 1871.

245

Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1873, p. 253-303.

246

Ibid., 1876.

247

Ibid., 1873, p. 263-268.

248

Ibid., 1873, pp. 263-268.

249

8th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1874, p. 165.

250

Report of Commissioner of Education, 1870, p. 204.

251

44th Ann. Catalog of Lincoln Institute, p. 6.

252

4th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1870, p. 36.

253

Adj. Session 25th Gen. Assembly, 1870, p. 136.

254

This fact can be verified by studying abstracts from the State Superintendents' reports for this period. These abstracts are found in the Reports of the Commissioner of Education for this period.

255

Ann. Cyclopedias for 1870-75. Art. Missouri.

256

Ibid., 1871, p. 516.

257

9th Ann. Report Supt. of Schools, 1874, p. 7.

258

9th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, p. 6.

259

Ibid.

260

Art. II, Sec. 3.

261

Art. XI, Sec. 3.

262

Report of Commissioners of Education, 1880, p. 184.

263

Ibid.

264

See page 26.

265

Report of Supt. of Schools, 1877, p. 18.

266

Rev. Statutes of Mo. 1879, Vol. II, p. 1861.

267

In this period a very noteworthy step was taken by the Negro teachers. In 1878 they organized a State teachers' association. In that year its meeting was held in Columbia, Missouri, and a number of professors in the State University took an active part. The next year the Association met in Jefferson City. Since that time, the meeting of the Association has become an annual affair.

268

DuBois, Negro Common School, p. 61.

269

Rev. Statutes of Mo., 1889, p. 2271.

270

Ibid., 1909, p. 790.

271

DuBois, Negro Common School, p. 61.

272

Ibid.

273

Report of Supt. of Schools, 1910, p. 69.

274

Report St. Louis Board of Education, 1916, p. 302.

275

Ibid., p. 350.

276

Ibid., p. 308.

277

Martin, op. cit.

278

Ibid., op. cit.

279

Ann. Report Board of Ed. of Kansas City, 1915, p. 123.

280

Report of Supt. Public Schools, 1916, p. 69.

281

Report of The Board of Education of St. Louis, 1908, p. 234.

282

Report of Board of Education of St. Louis, 1908, p. 235.

283

Ibid., 1913, p. 108.

284

Report of Public Schools of Mo., 1916, p. 290.

285

Ibid.

286

Report of Board of Dir. of Schools, Kansas City, 1911, p. 243.

287

Report of Supt. of Schools, 1916, p. 286.

288

Ibid., p. 292.

289

Ann. Cat. Lincoln Inst., 1916, p. 6.

290