Разведка и контрразведка США (с конца XVIII века и до наших дней)

Gilmore Allison В. The Allied Translator and Interpreter Section: The Critical Role of Allied Linguists in the Process of Propaganda Creation, 1943–1944 // The Foundations of Victory: The Pacific War 1943-1944. Proceedings of the 2003 Chief of Army's Military History Conference Military History Conference. Edit. by B. Dennis, Peter & Grey, Jeffrey Canberra: Army History Unit. 2004.

Kaiser Frederick, Origins of Secret Service Protection of the President: Personal, Interagency, and Institutional Conflict // Presidential Studies Quarterly, 1988, vol. XVIII, №. 1.

Morton Brain, Vergennes, Beaumarchais and Roderigue Hortalez et Cie // Proceeding of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French Historical Studies, № 3, 1975.

Statement of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Washington: N.Y. Times, Sept. 6 1939.

Литература

Ameringer Charles D. U.S. Foreign Intelligence: The Secret Side of American History. Lexington Books, 1990.

Archibald Cox Reflection upon Watergate. Brandies University, 1974.

Baker LaFayette C. History of the United States Secret Service. Philadelphia: published by L.C. Baker, 1867.

Berlatsky Noah The U.S. intelligence community. Detroit : Greenhaven Press, 2011.

Bishop Joseph Bucklin, Theodore Roosevelt and His Time. New York, Scribners, 1920.

Bowen Walter S. & Neal Harry Edward The United States Secret Service, Philadelphia and New York: Chilton Company. 1960.

Bret Schulte A Drug War Boondoggle: The White House wants to kill it, but a little government agency may manage to live on. U.S. News World & Report, May 1, 2005.

Bruce W. Watson, Susan M. Watson, and Gerald W. Hopple, United States Intelligence: An Encyclopedia, New York: Garland Publishing, 1990.

Bruce W. Watson, Susan M. Watson, and Gerald W. Hopple, United States Intelligence: An Encyclopedia, New York: Garland Publishing, 1990.

Civil Liberties and the National Security States. Wash. GPO, 1984.

Cline R..S.. The CIA under Regan, Bush and Casey. Wash., Governmental Printing Office, 1981.

Coben, Stanley. A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.

Corson William. The Armies of Ignorance. N.Y. 1977.

Cook Fred J. The FBI nobody knows. N.Y.: Macmilian, 1964.

Cox Archibald Reflection upon Watergate. Brandies University. 1974.

Cummins and McFarland Federal Justice. N.Y.: 1948.

Dalles A. The secret surrender. N.Y. 1968.

Daugherty William J. Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency. University Press of Kentucky, 2006.

Donald, D., Lincoln. Simon and Schuster, 1996.

Edward F. Sayle, George Washington, Manager of Intelligence," Studies in Intelligence, N.Y. 1983.

Farrand M. The Framing of the Constitution of the United States, New Haven, 1913.

Fishel Edwin C., The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War: New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1988.

Freedman Lawrence. US Intelligence and the Soviet strategic Threat. London 1977.

Garthoff Douglas F. Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the U.S. Intelligence Community, 1946–2005. Central Intelligence Agency, Wash. 2005.

Gates Robert M., From the Shadows: the Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

Glick Brian. War at Home: Covert action against U.S. activities and what we can do about it, Boston, Southend press, 1989.

Hagedorn, Ann. Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.

Hannah Theodore M., The Many Lives of Herbert O. Yardley. «UNCLASSIFIED». NSA Cryptologic Spectrum: 1981.

Hinsdale Mary L. A History of the President's Cabinet.: George Wahr. 1911.

Historical Background of the Signal Security Agency, published, in three volumes, by the Army Security Agency, Washington, D.C., April 1946.

Hoover J. Edgar Some Legal Aspects of Interstate Crime. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1938.

Hopple Gerald W., Watson Bruce W. The Military intelligence community. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1986.

Jensen Joan M. The Price of Vigilance. Chicago, Rand McNally and Company, 1968.

Johnson Loch K, Strategic intelligence : understanding the hidden side of government Westport, Conn. : Praeger Security International, 2007.

Justice Samuel Miller, On the Constitution, N.Y. 1891.

Kahn David, The Codebreakers: the Story of Secret Writing. New York: Scribner:1996.

Kahn David, The Reader of Gentlemen’s Mail : Herbert O. Yardley and the Birth of American Codebreaking. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.

Keller William Walton The Liberals and J. Edgar Hoover. Prinston, 1989.

Kiernan Vincent NRO Streamlines to Cut Intelligence Bureaucracy, Space News, 7 December 1992.

Leary W.M. The CIA: History and Documents. N.Y. 1984.

Lowenthal Mark M "National security" as a concept: does it need to be redefined? [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1993.

Lowenthal Mark M Intelligence community: reform and reorganization [Washington, DC]: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 1978.

Lowenthal Mark M The Central Intelligence Agency: organizational history [Washington, DC] : Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 1978.

Lowenthal Mark M The U.S. intelligence community: an annotated bibliography. New York : Garland Pub., 1994.

Lowenthal Max. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1972.

Lowenthal, Mark M. U.S. Intelligence : Evolution and Anatomy N.Y.: Praeger, 1984.

Lowenthal, Mark M. Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy, [Washington, DC]: CQ Press; 5th edition, 2011.

March Peyton C. The Nation At War. New York, Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1932.

Nelson Otto L. National Security and the General Staff. Washington, Infantry Journal Press, 1946.

Maroni Alice C. Special Access Programs and the Defense Budget: Understanding the “Black Budget», October 24, 1989. Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, 1989.

Niblack A. P. The Office of naval intelligence : its history and aims. Washington : Governmental Printing Office, 1928.

O'Toole G.J.A., "Benjamin Franklin: American Spymaster or British Mole?", International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, vol. 3, №.1, P. 45-53.

Pennypacker Morton, George Washington's Spies on Long Island and in New York, Brooklyn, 1939.

Perry Robert L. A History of Satellite Reconnaissance. The Perry Gambit & Hexagon Histories. Published by National Reconnaissance Office Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance, Chantilly, VA, 2012.

Prados Alfred B., Intelligence Reform: Recent History and Proposals, CRS Report 88-562 F, August 18, 1988.

Prados John, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby. Oxford University Press, 2003.

Ranelagh John The Agency: the Rise and Decline of the CIA, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987.

Ranlagh J. The Agency: The Rise and the decline of the CIA from Bill Donovan to William Casey. N.Y. 1986.

Richelson J. Foreign Intelligence Organizations. Ballinger Publishing Company, 1988.

Richelson J. The U.S. Intelligence Community Westview Press, 1999.

Robarge David Intelligence in the War for Independence. Washington, D.C.: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1997.

Smist Frank J. Congress Oversees the United States Intelligence Community, 1947-1994. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1994.

Snider Britt L., Congress and the CIA Publisher: New York : Nova Science, 2009.

Snider Britt L., The Agency and the Hill : CIA's relationship with Congress, 1946-2004, [Washington, DC]: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2011.

Stevenson W. A man called interpid. N.Y. 1976.

Stimson H. and Bundy M. On Active Service in Peace and War. N.Y. – Harper & Brothers, 1948.

The Federalist Papers/ Ed. C. Rossiter, N.Y., 1961.

Troy N.F. Donovan and the С1А. N.Y. 1984.

Truman, Harry S. Memoirs: Year of Decisions. N.Y.: Garden City, 1955.

Ungar Sanford J. FBI : An Uncensored Look Behind the Walls, Boston, Toronto 1976.

Van Doren Carl, Secret History of the American Revolution, N.Y.: Garden City Publishing, 1941.

Wilson James Q. The Investigations: Managing FBI and Narcotics Agents. N.Y.: Basik Books.

Wite, William A. A Puritan in Babylon, the Story of Calvin Coolidge, N.Y. MacMillian 1938.

Yardley, Herbert O. The American Black Chamber, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis: 1931.

Zacharias Е., Secret Missions. The Story of an Intelligence Officer, New York, 1946.

Электронные ресурсы

Нормативные правовые акты и иные официальные документы США (электронные версии)

Harry S. Truman: "Letter to Secretary Byrnes Concerning the Development of a Foreign Intelligence Program.," September 20, 1945. [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12344 (дата обращения: 4.07.2014).

In re Application of the Federal Bureau of Investigation for an Order Requiring the Production of Tangible Things, No. BR 13-109 (FISA Ct. Aug. 29, 2013) . [сайт]. URL: http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/In-re-Application-of-the-F.B.I.-BR-13%E2%80%93109-FISC-August-29-2013.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).

John Gannon, Chairman of National Intelligence Council "Challenges to US Intelligence", October 13 1997. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/1997/ddi_speech_101397.html (дата обращения: 11.07.2014).

Johnson, Kevin; Martin, Scott; O'Donnell, Jayne; Winter, Michael (June 15, 2013). "Reports: NSA Siphons Data from 9 Major Net Firms". USA Today. June 6, 2013. [сайт]. URL: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2013/06/06/nsa-surveillance-internet-companies/2398345/ (дата обращения: 13.07.2014)

Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet. [сайт]. URL: http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq61-2.htm (дата обращения: 4.07.2014).

Preparing for the 21st century: An appraisal of U.S. intelligence : report of the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community. [сайт]. URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html (дата обращения: 11.07.2014).

President Dwight D. Eisenhower Letter to Mr. Allen W. Dulles, DCI, 18 January 1961: [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/eisenhower.html (дата обращения: 07.07.2014).

President George Bush, Swearing-in ceremony of Robert Gates as DCI, 12 November 1991. [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=20208&st=central+intelligence&st1= (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).

President Gerald R. Ford Swearing-in ceremony of George Bush as DCI, 30 January 1976 . [сайт]. URL: http://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/ford.html (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).

President Lyndon B. Johnson Letter to VAdm. William F. Raborn, DCI, 29 July 1965. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/johnson.html (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).

President William J. Clinton, Central Intelligence Agency, 4 January 1994. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/clinton.html (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).

Presidential Policy Directive/PPD-28. Signals Intelligence Activities]. URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/17/presidential-policy-directive-signals-intelligence-activities (дата обращения: 14.07.2014)

Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. Report on the Surveillance Program Operated Pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance. [сайт]. URL: http://www.pclob.gov/All%20Documents/Report%20on%20the%20Section%20702%20Program/PCLOB-Section-702-Report-PRE-RELEASE.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014)

Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, The Director of Central Intelligence Annual Report, 22 August 1997. [сайт]. URL: http://fas.org/irp/cia/product/report-97.htm (дата обращения: 11.07.2014).

The National Security Organization. A Report to the Congress. The Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, Feb. 1949: [сайт]. URL: http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/45/national_sec_org.pdf (дата обращения: 07.07.2014).

U.S. National Intelligence an overview 2013. [сайт]. URL: http:// http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/USNI%202013%20Overview_web.pdf (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).

Truman’s Executive Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities, January 22, 1946. [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=12478 (дата обращения: 4.07.2014).

Congressional Record 102nd Congress (1991-1992), Edward Lee Howard (Senate – November 27, 1991). P. S18747. [сайт]. URL: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?r102:63:./temp/~r102I5uftF:e0: (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).

H.R.4165. National Security Act of 1992. [сайт]. URL: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.R.4165: (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).

Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, 165.4 Records of the Military Intelligence Division (MID, G-2) 1900-50. [сайт]. URL: http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/165.html (дата обращения: 18.09.2013).

President Harry S. Truman, CIA Orientation, 21 November 1952: [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/truman.html (дата обращения: 07.07.2014).

President John F. Kennedy, News conference, 9 October 1963. [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9460 (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).

A Review of the Intelligence Community, March 10, 1971. [сайт]. URL: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB144/document%204.pdf (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).

Statement of President Gerald R. Ford, 4 January 1975. [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4838 (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).

President George Bush, News conference, 8 May 1991. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/bush.html (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).

Intelligence Community Directive № 104 of April 30, 2013. NIP Budget Formulation, Execution, and Performance Evaluation. [сайт]. URL: http:// www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICD/ICD%20104.pdf (дата обращения: 25.04.2014).

DODD 5205.9 Joint Military Intelligence Program (JMIP), April 7, 1995. [сайт]. URL: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=233701 (дата обращения: 25.04.2014).

Dwight D. Eisenhower: "The President's News Conference," May 11, 1960, The American Presidency Project. : [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=11778 (07.07.2014).

Примечания

1

Вернее было бы сказать: «разведывательных, в том числе контрразведывательных» служб. Дело в том, что в Соединенных Штатах разведывательная деятельность включает в себя контрразведывательную деятельность и внешнюю разведывательную деятельность, что с 1992 года закреплено даже в американском законодательстве (Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Pub. L. 102–496, title VII, §702, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3188). Тем не менее, рассматривая представленную книгу не как научное, а как публицистическое издание, автор сознательно допустил «неточность» в названии работы, чтобы не оттолкнуть от нее тех читателей, которых интересует в первую очередь контрразведывательная проблематика.

2

Цит. по: Ленин В.И., Полное собрание сочинений, Том 32. М.: Издательство политической литературы, 1969. С.78-79.

3

Об обстоятельствах принятия «Декларации независимости» и о самой Декларации см., например: Becker Carl L. The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1942; Malone Dumas The Story of the Declaration of Independence, New York: Oxford University Press, 1954; Bailyn, Bernard The Origins of Independence, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968.

4

У Канта буквально: «status hominum naturalis est status belli omnium in omnes». См.: Кант Иммануил, Религия в пределах только разума / Цит. по Иммануил Кант. Сочинения в шести томах. М.: Мысль, 1966. Т. 4. Ч. 1. И. Кант. Трактаты и письма. М.: Наука, 1980. С.333

5

Более подробно о развитии североамериканских колоний Англии до провозглашения ими своей независимости см.: История буржуазного конституционализма XVII–XVIII вв. под ред. В. С. Нерсесянца. М., Наука, 1983. С. 109–134.

6

В современной Англии (как и в прочих конституционных монархиях и парламентских республиках) вообще нельзя говорить о разделении законодательной и исполнительной властей. Получающая в ходе выборов парламентское большинство политическая партия не только контролирует парламент, но и формирует из своих рядов правительство.

7

Время от времени вооруженным силам США, в первую очередь военно-морскому флоту, приходилось на практике доказывать право молодой федерации иметь и на равных отстаивать собственные экономические и политические интересы. См., например: Capture of the British brigs Detroit and Caledonia, January 13, 1813. № 99, 12th Congress, 2nd Session. American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Naval Affairs. Wash., 1834. Vol. 1. P.282.

8

См., например: Message, transmitting a treaty of commerce, Sept. 13, 1816. № 284, Senate, 14th Congress, 2nd Session American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Foreign Relations. Wash., 1832. Vol. 4. P.98; Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Prussia, communicated to the Senate, 1828, May 9. № 491, 20th Congress, 1st Session. American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Foreign Relations. Wash., 1832. Vol. 6. P.992.

9

См.: Message showing the negotiations with Great Britain, 1808, Mar. 22. № 214, 10th Congress, 1st Session. American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Foreign Relations. Wash., 1832. Vol. 3. P.80.

10

Carruth Gorton The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1997.

11

Paulus Robert D. Pack Mules and Surf Boats: Logistics in the Mexican War, Army Logistician November/December 1997.

12

Spykman H.J. America's Strategy in the world politics: the United States and the balance of power. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1942.

13

Кэрролл Л. Приключения Алисы в Стране Чудес. Сквозь Зеркало и что там увидела Алиса, или Алиса в зазеркалье. М.: Пресса, 1992. С.183.

14

См.: Сунь-цзы. Трактат о военном искусстве. Цит. по: Конрад Н.И. Избранные труды. Синология. М., Наука. 1976. С. 44.

15

О том, как могут воздействовать на современное мироустройство тайные операции разведки и агенты влияния, автор размышляет в заключении представленной работы.

16

См. например: Glenn Greenwald, NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily, The Guardian, June 5, 2013.

17

См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume II/, September 18, 1775. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905. P.253-254.

18

O'Toole G.J.A., "Benjamin Franklin: American Spymaster or British Mole?", International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, vol. 3, №.1, P. 45-53.

19

См.: Van Doren Carl, Secret History of the American Revolution, The New York: Garden City Publishing, 1941, P.78.

20

См.: Hinsdale Mary L. A History of the President's Cabinet.: George Wahr. 1911. P. 19.

21

См.: [сайт]. URL:https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/intellopos.html

22

См.: Morton Brain, Vergennes, Beaumarchais and Roderigue Hortalez et Cie/ Proceeding of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French Historical Studies, № 3, 1975. P.256-262.

23

См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume III/, November 29, 1775. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905 . P.392.

24

См.: Hinsdale Mary L. A History of the President's Cabinet.: George Wahr. 1911. P. 19-20.

25

См.: См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume V/, June 5, 1776. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906 . P.418-419.

26

См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume V/, August 21, 1776. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906 . P.693.

27

См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume X/ Resolution of February 27, 1778. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1908 P.204.

28

Pennypacker Morton, George Washington's Spies on Long Island and in New York, Brooklyn, 1939, P.31.

29

Ряд статей А. Гамильтона, в защиту американкой федерации и Конституции США 1787 года можно прочесть на страницах небезызвестного "Федералиста". Federalist № 67-71. – In: The Federalist Papers/ Ed. C. Rossiter, The New York, 1961.

30

См.: Van Doren Carl, Secret History of the American Revolution, The New York: Garden City Publishing, 1941, P.341.

31

См.: Washington J. Letter to Concel Elias Dayton, 26 July 1777.

32

См.: Edward F. Sayle, "George Washington, Manager of Intelligence," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 27, №. 4, 1983, P. 3-8.

33

См., например: An act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, June 1, 1796, ch. 41, 1 Stat.493.

34

См.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1845-1846 Friday, April 10, 1846. Washington: Printed by Ritchie & Heiss, 1846 P.657.

35

См.: Fishel Edwin C., The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil

War: New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1988. P.9.

36

См.: Gaddy David, William Norris and the Confederate Signal and Secret Service //Maryland Historical Magazine, Volume 70, №. 2, Spring 1975. P 167.

37

См.: Hearing before the Select Committee on intelligence of the US Senate, 98-th Congress, 1-st session, On National Historic Intelligence museum. Nov. 3, 1983, Wash. 1984, P. 7.

38

См.: Intelligence in the Civil War. A publication of the Central Intelligence Agency P.23. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/additional-publications/civil-war/Intel_in_the_CW1.pdf (дата обращения: 25.04.2014)

39

Аллан Пинкертон, шотландец по происхождения, иммигрировал в США в 1842 году. В 1856 году организовал в Чикаго “Национальное сыскное агентство Пинкертона”. Участвовал в Гражданской войне с апреля 1861 года. Войну закончил в чине майора. Умер в 1884 году. Сыскную фирму передал сыновьям Роберту и Уильяму. – Прим. автора.

40

См.: Allan Pinkerton. The Spy of the Rebellion. New York, G.W. Carleton and Company, 1883. P.89-96.

41

См.: Horan James D. The Pinkertons: The Detective Dynasty That Made History. New York, Crown Publisher, 1967. P.115-137.

42

См.: An Act to amend an Act entitled "An Act to provide Internal Revenue to support the Government and pay interest on the Public Debt," approved July 102 first, eighteen hundred and sixty-too, and for other Purposes, Mar. 3 1863, ch. 74, sec. 20, 12 Stat. 726.