Memoirs of the Duchesse De Dino (Afterwards Duchesse de Talleyrand et de Sagan), 1841-1850

LUDRE, the Comtesse de (1800-1886). Née Girardin. A very distinguished woman in whose salon were to be met M. de Falloux, Mgr. Dupanloup, MM. de Coriolis, de Montmorency, &c.

LURDE, Alexis Louis de. Born in 1800. Set out for Spain as a volunteer in 1823, and became Captain of the Guard to the King of Spain. In 1827 he entered the French diplomatic service. In 1833 he was appointed Secretary at Lisbon, and in 1838 at Rome. He then became Minister Plenipotentiary to Buenos Ayres until the revolution of 1848. In 1849 he was accredited to Berlin for several months.

LUYNES, the Duchesse Elisabeth de (1753-1830). Née de Montmorency Laval, she had married in 1768 the Duc de Luynes, and was Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Marie Antoinette. Of very liberal opinions, very intelligent and original, the Duchesse often wore men's dress. She was an intimate friend of the Prince de Talleyrand, and died suddenly in her castle of Esclimont.

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MACAULAY, Thomas Babington, Lord (1800-1859). English historian, Member of Parliament and of the Privy Council, Minister of War from 1839-1841.

MACLEOD, Alexander. An English subject, MacLeod was tried in 1841 at New York for presumed complicity in the burning of the steamboat Caroline on the Niagara in 1837. He was acquitted after a narrow escape from the gallows.

MACKAU, Baron Armand de, the Admiral (1788-1855). Peer of France in 1841, he was Naval and Colonial Minister in 1843, in place of Admiral Roussin, but resigned in 1847. He entered the Senate in 1852.

MADEMOISELLE Louise, daughter of the Duc and Duchesse de Berry (1819-1864). Often also called Mlle. de Rosny after the exile. She married in 1845 the Duc de Parme, who was assassinated in 1854. She acted as Regent during the minority of her son, Duc Robert.

MAGNAN, Bernard Pierre (1791-1865). Made Marshal of France by Napoleon III.

MAHON, Lady Emily. Died in 1873. Daughter of General Sir Edward Kerrison. Married in 1838 Philip Henry Stanhope, Viscount Mahon (1805-1875), who became Lord Stanhope on the death of his father in 1855. He was a historian and a distinguished diplomatist.

MAILLÉ, the Marquise de. Née Mlle. Baudon, she had married in 1831 the Marquis de Tour Landry.

MAISTRE, the Comte Rodolphe de (1789-1865). Son of Comte Joseph de Maistre. He was Governor of Genoa afterwards of Nice.

MAISTRE, Adèle de. Born in 1787. Sister of Comte R. de Maistre, she married the Baron de Terray very late in life.

MAISTRE, the Comtesse Azélia de (1799-1881). Eldest daughter of the Marquis de Plan de Sieyès, retired naval officer, she married at Valence in 1819 the Comte R. de Maistre.

MAISTRE, Francesca de. Born in 1821. Daughter of the Comte Rodolphe de Maistre. In 1842 she entered the Order of the Daughters of Saint Vincent de Paul.

MALTZAN, Count** (1783-1843). Prussian diplomatist.

MALTZAN, Countess Alexandrina von (1818-1894). Daughter of the foregoing, and married in 1841 Lord Beauvale, who was then English Ambassador at Vienna. After his death in 1853, she married in 1856 George Wild Forrester.

MANTEUFFEL, Baron Otho von (1805-1879). Home Secretary in 1848 in the Brandenburg Cabinet; Leader of the Cabinet and Foreign Secretary in 1851; Plenipotentiary Minister at the Paris Congress in 1856.

MARIA CHRISTINA, Queen** (1806-1878). Daughter of King Francis I. of Naples, and third wife of Ferdinand VII., King of Spain.

MARIE LOUISE, the Empress (1791-1847). Daughter of the Emperor of Austria, Francis II.; she married Napoleon I. in 1810.

MARIO, Joseph, Marquis of Candia (1808-1883). Italian singer. Born at Turin, he first entered the Sardinian Cavalry as an officer. He then deserted, and came to Paris in 1836. He made his first appearance at the theatre in 1838, and was afterwards most successful.

MARMONT, Marshal, Auguste Frederic Louis, Duc de Raguse (1774-1852). Took part in all the wars under the Republic and the Empire, and enjoyed high favour under the Restoration, when he became peer of France. Louis Philippe, however, struck him off the Army List for accompanying Charles X. to England, and from that time the Marquis lived abroad.

MARS, Mlle. (1778-1847). Famous French actress. One of the first-rate actresses who restored the glory of the French theatre.

MARTIN DU NORD, Nicolas Ferdinand* (1789-1862). French politician.

MASSA, the Duchesse de.* Born in 1792. Daughter of the Duc de Tarente, and widow of Régnier, Duc de Massa.

MATTHIOLI, Count Girolamo. Born in 1640. Minister to Charles III., the Duke of Mantua, he was commissioned to negotiate the secret Treaty with France, but he sold the secret. The French Ambassador was informed of this treachery, enticed him to French territory, and had him arrested and confined at Pignerol; for a long time he was supposed to be the "Man in the Iron Mask." In 1681 he was taken to Exiles with the "Man in the Iron Mask," and in 1687 one of the two died. The dead man was thought to be Matthioli.

MATUSIEWICZ, Count* (1790-1842). Russian diplomatist.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Dowager Grand Duchess of** (1771-1871). By birth a Princess of Hesse-Homburg, and stepmother to the Duchesse d'Orléans.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, Duke Gustavus of* (1781-1861). One of the sons of the Grand Duke Francis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, Duke Albert of (1812-1842). Son of the Grand Duke Frederick Francis and of the Princess Caroline of Saxe-Weimar, and brother of the Duchesse d'Orléans.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Grand Duke Frederick of (1823-1883). His mother was a Prussian Princess. He was a good soldier, and fought with distinction. He was thrice married.

MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, the Grand Duke George of** (1779-1860). He married in 1817 a Princess of Hesse-Cassel.

MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick William of (1819-1904). Succeeded his father in 1860. He became blind at an early age, and married the eldest daughter of Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge.

MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, Duke George of (1824-1876). Younger brother of the foregoing. He entered the Russian service, and married the Grand Duchess Catherine, daughter of the Grand Duke Michael of Russia.

MEDEM, Count Paul* (1800-1854). Russian diplomatist and cousin of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.

MEHEMET ALI (1769-1849). Viceroy of Egypt. In two wars against the Porte, in 1832 and 1839, his son Ibrahim was his lieutenant. He entirely reformed the Egyptian army and was recognised by the Government as hereditary Pasha.

MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Lord* (1779-1848). English politician.

MELBOURNE, Lady. Died in 1828. Née Lady Caroline Ponsonby and daughter of Lord Bessborough, she had married in 1805 Lord Melbourne. She obtained a certain literary reputation. Notorious for her intimacy with Lord Byron, she was soon divorced by her husband.

MELZI, Duke Ludovico (1820-1886). A rich lord of Milan, he married as his first wife a daughter of the Marquis de Brignole Sale. In 1869 he was left a widower, and in 1876 married his cousin, the Countess Josephine Melzi, née Barbo, herself the widow of the Count Jacques Melzi, who had died a year previously.

MELZI, the Duchess. Died in 1869 at Geneva. Louise de Brignole Sale had married in 1842 Duke Melzi.

MERAN, the Count of (1839-1892). Son of the morganatic marriage of the Archduke John with the Countess of Meran.

METTERNICH, Prince Clement* (1773-1859). Austrian statesman.

METTERNICH, Princess Melanie of (1805-1854). Third wife of Prince Metternich and daughter of Count Francis Zichy Ferraris.

MEULAN, Madame de. Wife of a superintendent of Taxes to the Paris Corporation and mother of the first Madame Guizot.

MEYENDORFF, Baron Peter of (1792-1863). Russian diplomatist and for a long time Minister Plenipotentiary at Berlin, and afterwards at Vienna; at a later date he was Minister of the Imperial Domains and Appanages at St. Petersburg and Member of the Council of the Empire.

MEYENDORFF, the Baroness of. Born in 1800. Wilhelmina Sophia of Buol Schönstein, married in 1830 the Baron of Meyendorff. She was an exceedingly clever woman of very independent character.

MIGNET, François Auguste Marie* (1796-1884). French historian and member of the Academy.

MITFORD, John (1781-1859). English writer and scholar, who published several learned works and some poems.

MODENA, Duke Francis V. of (1819-1875). Archduke of Austria Este, he married in 1842 the Duchess Aldegonde of Bavaria, and succeeded his father in 1846. His duchy was added to the estates of the King of Sardinia in 1860.

MOLAY, Jacques de. Last Grand Master of the Order of Templars; he entered this Order in 1265. He was arrested and condemned upon unjust charges which Philip IV., the Fair, levelled at his Order, the riches of which he coveted. Molay was burnt alive in 1314.

MOLÉ, Guillaume, died in 1459. He was a squire who, acting in conjunction with his brother-in-law, Jean l'Esguisé, drove the English from Troyes under Charles VII.

MOLÉ, Mathieu (1584-1656). A Councillor in the Paris Parliament, afterwards chief Financial Minister and first President; during the disturbances of the Fronde he attempted to reconcile the parties and always showed much firmness and dignity. He was appointed Guardian of the Seals in 1650.

MOLÉ, the Comte Mathieu* (1781-1855). Peer of France and member of the Academy. Politician under the Empire and the July monarchy.

MOLLIEN, the Comte Francois (1758-1850). Financier and Peer of France.

MOLLIEN, the Comtesse* (1785-1878). Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Marie Amélie.

MOLYNEUX, Hon. Francis George (1805-1886). Third son of William Philip, Lord Sefton; he was Secretary to the English Embassy at the Germanic Confederation. He married, in 1842, Lady Georgina Ashburnham, whose marriage with H. R. Mitford had been dissolved, and who died in 1882.

MONCEY, Marshal Adrien, Duc de Conegliano (1754-1842). Son of a lawyer in the Parliament of the Franche Comté, he enlisted at the age of fifteen, and took part in almost all the campaigns under the Republic and the Empire. In 1814 he defended Paris heroically, and was appointed Governor of the Invalides in 1834.

MONTALEMBERT, the Comte Charles de** (1810-1870). French publicist and politician and one of the most brilliant defenders of liberal Catholicism.

MONTCALM, Paul de Saint Veran, Marquis de (1756-1812). As a naval officer he took part in the War of Independence in America, and became a Member of the States-General in 1789. In 1790 he went into exile in Spain, and afterwards went to Piedmont, where he died.

MONTEBELLO, Napoleon Auguste Lannes, Duc de (1801-1874). Son of the Marshal Lannes and Peer of France. He followed a diplomatic career.

MONTEMOLIN, Carlos Luis Maria Fernando de Bourbon, Count of (1818-1861). Infanta of Spain; a Son of Don Carlos, who abdicated his rights in his favour in 1844. He made several attempts to recover his rights, but unsuccessfully.

MONTESQUIOU-FEZENSAC, the Abbé François Xavier de (1767-1832). Agent-General for the clergy in 1785, Deputy in the States-General in 1789, and President of the Constituent Assembly in 1790. After the ninth of Thermidor he was one of the many agents appointed by Louis XVIII. to defend his cause in France. The First Consul sent him into exile therefore to Mantua. In 1814 he was a Member of the Provisional Government, and on May 13 was appointed Minister of the Interior; under the second Restoration he remained a Minister of State and was made a Peer of France.

MONTJOYE, the Comtesse de. Died in 1848. Sister of the Marquis de Dolomieu; appointed Lady-of-Honour to Madame Adélaïde, sister of Louis Philippe, she never left this Princess from the time of her youth. She died in England, where she had accompanied the Royal Family into exile.

MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse de* (1774-1846). Mother of Raoul de Montmorency, of the Princesse de Bauffremont, and of the Duchesse de Valençay.

MONTMORENCY, Baron Raoul de* (1790-1862). Became Duc on his father's death.

MONTMORENCY, the Baronne de (1787-1858). Née Euphémie de Harchies: she married, as her first husband, Comte Thibaut de Montmorency, and as her second Baron Raoul de Montmorency.

MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse Mathieu de (1774-1858). Née Hortense de Chevreuse Luynes.

MONTPENSIER, Antoine d'Orléans, Duc de (1824-1890). Youngest son of King Louis Philippe; he married in 1846 the Infanta Louise of Spain, sister of Queen Isabella II.

MONTROND, the Comte de* (1757-1843). A friend of M. de Talleyrand.

MORNAY, the Comte de* (1803-1878). Peer of France and Ambassador.

MORPETH, George William Frederick, Earl of Carlisle* (1802-1864). Secretary of State for Ireland from 1835-1841, Commissioner of Woods and Forests from 1846-1850, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1850-1852, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from 1855-1858 and from 1859 to 1864; he was one of the most popular Governors that Ireland ever had, but ill-health forced him to resign and he died shortly afterwards. He was never married, and his title passed to his brother William George, who became the eighth Earl of Carlisle.

MOSKOWA, the Prince de la* (1803-1857). Eldest son of Marshal Ney.

MOUNIER, the Baron** (1784-1843). Financier and Peer of France.

MUÑOZ, Fernando** (1810-1873). Born of an obscure family, he secured the favour of Queen Maria Christina, who contracted a morganatic marriage with him three months after the death of Ferdinand VII. He never showed any personal ambition, aspired to be nothing more than the Queen's husband, and merely accepted the title of Duke of Rianzares.

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NAPIER, Sir Charles (1786-1860). Admiral Napier distinguished himself in 1810 by several feats of arms; in 1833 he did good service to the cause of Doña Maria, Queen of Portugal, by defeating Dom Miguel. In the expedition against Syria he supported the Turkish forces, and signed the treaty enforced by England upon Mehemet Ali.

NARBONNE, the Comtesse Louis de. Née Marie Adélaïde Montholon, she had married Lieutenant-General the Comte de Narbonne, youngest son of the Comte Jean François de Narbonne Lara.

NASSAU, the Duchess Pauline of (1810-1856). Daughter of Prince Paul of Würtemberg. She married Duke William of Nassau, whose widow she became in 1839.

NASSAU, Duke Adolphus of. Born in 1817. His first wife, whom he married in 1844, was the Grand Duchess Elizabeth of Russia. In 1851 he married the Princess Adelaide of Anhalt-Dessau.

NEALE, Countess Pauline** (1779-1869). Lady-of-Honour to Princess Louise of Prussia and wife of Prince Antoine Radziwill.

NEIPPERG, Countess Marie of (1816-1890). Daughter of King William I. of Würtemberg. She married in 184 °Count Alfred of Neipperg, formerly the husband of the Countess of Grisoni. He was born in 1807, and was the eldest son of Count Albert of Neipperg, chamberlain of the Archduchess Marie Louise, the Duchess of Parma, by his first marriage with Countess Theresa Pola, by whom he had had five children, and who had procured a divorce from Count Trento in order to marry him.

NEMOURS, Louis Charles d'Orléans, Duc de* (1814-1896). Second son of Louis Philippe.

NEMOURS, the Duchesse de (1822-1852). Victoire, daughter of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. She married the Duc de Nemours in 1840.

NESSELRODE, Count* (1780-1862). Russian diplomatist and afterwards Chancellor of the Empire.

NESSELRODE, Countess.* Died in 1849. Née Gourieff.

NEUMANN, Baron. Austrian diplomatist and several times Ambassador. In England he married a daughter of the Duke of Beaufort, by name Charlotte.

NEUWIED, Prince William of (1814-1864). Major-General in the Prussian service.

NEUWIED, the Princess of. Born in 1825. Princess Marie of Nassau married in 1842 Prince William of Neuwied.

NEY, Marshal* (1769-1815). Known to Napoleon as "the bravest of the brave."

NEY, wife of the foregoing, Duchesse d'Elchingen, Princess de la Moskowa. Née Aglae Auguié, her mother, Madame Auguié, had been chambermaid to Queen Marie Antoinette. She married General Ney in 1802.

NEY, Edgard (1812-1822). Prince de la Moskowa, orderly officer to Napoleon III., who gave him a commission to the Papal Government. He took part in the Italian War of 1859.

NOAILLES, Viscomtesse Alfred de* (1792-1851). Daughter of the marriage of Charles de Noailles, Duc de Mouchy, with Mlle. Nathalie de Laborde. She married her cousin, the Vicomte de Noailles, who died at the age of twenty-six at the Bérésina.

NOAILLES, the Duc Paul de* (1802-1885). Peer of France and member of the Academy.

NOAILLES, the Duchesse de (1800-1887). Née Alicia de Mortemart.

NODIER, Charles (1780-1844). Man of letters and collector of books; member of the Academy from 1834.

NORMANBY, Constantine Henry, Marquis of (1797-1863). English politician who belonged to the Whig party and was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland for several years. In 1846 he became Ambassador at Paris and held that post till 1854, when he was transferred to Florence; there he became very unpopular by reason of his Austrian leanings, and was recalled in 1858. He became a Member of the House of Lords in 1831 on the death of his father, Lord Mulgrave, whose title he bore till 1838, when Queen Victoria made him a Marquis. He married in 1818 the Hon. Maria Liddell, daughter of Lord Ravensworth, who died in 1882. By her he had an only son, who succeeded to his titles.

NOSTITZ, Count Augustus of (1777-1866). Prussian infantry General.

NOSTITZ, Countess Clara of, died in 1858. A daughter of Prince Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg, she married in 1809 Count Augustus of Nostitz.

NOTHOMB, Baron J. B. de (1805-1881). At first a lawyer, he strove, by writing in support of Belgian independence, to bring about the Revolution of 1830, and was appointed a deputy at the National Congress under Leopold I. He was several times Minister and afterwards diplomatist to the Berlin Court for many years.

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OBERKAMPF, Christophe Philippe (1738-1815). The famous manufacturer, the first to introduce the manufacture of oilcloth into France. Louis XVI. made him a noble and Napoleon gave him the Cross of the Legion of Honour. He founded the factory of Jouy-en-Josas and started at Essonnes the first French cotton-spinning mill.

O'DONNELL, Count Maurice, General (1780-1843). An Austrian Field-Marshal; he married Mlle. de Ligne.

OLDENBURG, the Grand Duke Augustus of (1783-1853). Succeeded his father in 1829.

OLFERS, Franz Werner (1793-1871). Born in Westphalia, he studied medicine at Göttingen and then entered a diplomatic career. In 1839 the King of Prussia appointed him General Director of the Berlin Museums. He resigned in 1869.

OLOZAGA, Don Salluste (1803-1873). Spanish statesman. He began life as a lawyer and was implicated as a member of a secret society in a conspiracy against Ferdinand VII.; he was imprisoned and escaped, and after the King's death he was appointed Deputy to the Cortes. As he was a rival of Espartero, the latter had no sooner obtained the power than he sent him to Paris as Ambassador in 1840. In 1843 Queen Isabella, on attaining her majority, commissioned Olozaga to form the Cabinet; then Court intrigues overthrew him, and forced him to flee to Portugal and afterwards to England. He did not return to Spain until 1848. In 1854 he was again appointed Ambassador at Paris. He died at Enghien.

ORÏE, Dr.** Died in 1846. He practised at Bourgueil, in Touraine.

ORLÉANS, Gaston d' (1608-1660). Brother of Louis XIII. This Prince, known as Monsieur, spent his life in intrigues and revolts against Richelieu and Mazarin. He first married the Duchesse de Montpensier, who died in 1627; in 1632 he contracted a secret marriage with Marguerite of Lorraine, and was forced to suffer many humiliations to secure recognition of this union. On the death of Louis XIII. he was appointed Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom.

ORLÉANS, the Duc d'* (1810-1842). Eldest son of King Louis Philippe.

ORLÉANS, the Duchesse d' (1814-1858). Née Princess Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She married in 1837 the Duc d'Orléans, eldest son of King Louis Philippe, whose widow she became in 1842. Her children were the Comte de Paris and the Comte de Chartres.

ORSAY, Lady Harriet d' (1812-1869); only daughter and heiress of Charles John Gardiner, Lord Blessington. She married Comte Alfred d'Orsay* in 1827. In 1852 she was left a widow, and married in the same year the Hon. Charles Spencer Cowper (1816-1879), third son of the marriage of Lord Cowper with Amelia, daughter of the first Lord Melbourne who afterwards married Lord Palmerston.

OULTREMONT ET DE VERGIMOND, the Comtesse Flore d'. Born in 1792. Morganatic wife of King William I. of the Low Countries.

OUTREMONT DE MINIÈRES, General d'. Died at Tours in 1858. He married in 1819 Marie Albertine de la Ribellerie, widow of Baron Marchand.

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PAGANINI, Niccolo (1784-1840). Celebrated Italian violinist.

PAGEOT, Alphonse. French diplomatist who began his career in 1819. In 1831 he became First Secretary to the United States. He was envoy to Madrid in 1840 and to Washington in 1842. He resigned in 1848.

PAHLEN, Count Peter.* Born in 1775. Russian General and diplomatist.

PALFFY OF ERDOED, Count Aloys (1801-1876). Chamberlain and Privy Councillor in the Austrian Service and Governor of Venice until 1848. He married in 1831 Princess Sophia Jablonocka.

PALMERSTON, Lord Henry John* (1784-1865). English statesman and on several occasions Minister of Foreign Affairs.

PALMERSTON, Lady* (1787-1869). Amelia, daughter of Peniston, first Viscount of Melbourne. She married in 1805 Lord Cowper (1778-1837), by whom she had five children, and married in 1839 Lord Palmerston.

PANIS, the Comte de. Landowner of Borelli near Marseilles, he married in 1841 Mlle. de Vandermarcq, daughter of the stockbroker.

PARIS, the Comte de** (1838-1894). Eldest son of the Duc d'Orléans, representative of the French Royal Family after the death of the Comte de Chambord.

PASKEWITCH, Ivan Fedorovitch (1782-1856). Russian General who defeated the Persians in 1826 and 1827; in 1828 he conducted the campaign against Turkey and forced the Porte to sign the treaty of Adrianople in 1829, and was rewarded by the rank of Field-Marshal. He suppressed the Polish Insurrection in 1831, was appointed Prince of Warsaw and Governor-General of Poland. He took part in the subjugation of Hungary in 1849 and in the Turkish War in 1853.

PASQUIER, the Duc.* Peer of France and Lord Chancellor.

PASSY, Hippolyte. French politician who took the place of the Prince de Talleyrand in the Academy of Moral and Physical Science.

PASTORET, the Marquis de (1756-1840). An exile during the Revolution, he did not return to France until 1795. He was deputy in the Council of the Five Hundred, was proscribed as a Royalist and took refuge in Switzerland. On the Restoration he was raised to the Peerage and entered the Academy in 1820. Louis XVIII. made him guardian of the children of the Duc de Berry in 1821, and Charles X. gave him the rank of Minister of State in 1826; made him Vice-Chancellor in 1828 and Chancellor in 1829. After 1830 he retired to private life.

PEEL, Sir Robert* (1788-1850). One of the most distinguished of English orators and statesmen. He married in 1820 Julia, the youngest daughter of General Sir John Lloyd, by whom he had seven children.

PEEL, the Right Hon. William Yates (1789-1858). Brother of Sir Robert Peel, Member of Parliament and of the Privy Council. In 1819 he married Jane Elizabeth, second daughter of Lord Mountcastle who died in 1847. She had eleven children, of whom four were boys.

PELLICO, Silvio (1788-1854). Italian poet and man of letters who, in conjunction with Manzoni, Sismondi, Romagnosi, Gioja, founded a Liberal newspaper, Il conciliatore, which became an object of suspicion to Austria who suppressed it in 1820. He was condemned to death in 1822, but his penalty was commuted to fifteen years' imprisonment in the Spilberg; in the course of the ninth year he was pardoned and went to Piedmont where he afterwards lived in retirement. The story of his captivity "My Prisons," which he published in 1833, became popular in Europe.

PERIER, Auguste Casimir (1811-1877). Eldest son of the celebrated Minister of Louis Philippe. He first pursued a diplomatic career and abandoned it in 1846 to enter the Chamber of Deputies. He retired on the coup d'état of 1852, of which he disapproved. In 1871 he was elected to the National Assembly and gained a high reputation for his knowledge of financial matters. He became Minister of the Interior under the Presidency of M. Thiers.