The Journal of Negro History, Volume 6, 1921

Sec. 4. That all acts and parts of acts in conflict with this act be, and the same are hereby repealed, and this act to take effect and be in force from and after passage. Acts of 1888, p. 48.

34

133 U. S., 592.

35

163 U. S., 317.

36

Ibid., 537.

37

169 U. S., 613, 645.

38

141 U. S., 61.

39

In Pa. R. R. Co. v. Hughes (191 U. S., 489), Justice White says:

"In the absence of Congressional legislation upon the subject an act of the Alabama legislature to require locomotive engineers to be examined and licensed by a board to be appointed by the governor for that purpose was sustained in Smith v. Alabama" (124 U. S., 465).

40

179 U. S., 393.

41

133 U. S., 587.

42

163 U. S., 537.

43

179 U. S., 388, 391.

44

133 U. S., 588.

45

218 U. S., 71.

46

235 U. S., 151.

47

U. S., 18, 1907 Revised Statutes, 1910, Section 860, et seq.

48

100 U. S., 303.

49

Ibid., 313.

50

103 U. S., 370.

51

162 U. S., 565.

52

107 U. S., 110.

53

162 U. S., 592.

54

163 U. S., 101.

55

167 U. S., 442.

56

192 U. S., 226.

57

200 U. S., 316.

58

218 U. S., 161.

59

Laws of South Carolina, 1902, page 1066, section 2.

60

100 U. S., 371.

61

110 U. S., 651.

62

127 U. S., 731.

63

179 U. S., 58.

64

185 U. S.

65

189 U. S., 475.

66

193 U. S., 146.

67

The Constitution of Mississippi prescribing the qualifications for electors conferred upon the legislature the power to enact laws to carry those provisions into effect. Ability to read any section of the Constitution or to understand it when read was made a qualification necessary to a legal voter. Another provision made the qualifications for grand or petit jurors that they should be able to read and write. Upon the complaint of Negroes thus disabled the court held that these provisions do not on their face discriminate between white and Negro races and do not amount to a denial of the equal protection of the law secured by the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. It had not been shown that their actual administration was evil, but that only evil was possible under them.

In Washington County, Mississippi, Williams had been indicted for murder by a grand jury composed of white men altogether. He moved that the indictment be quashed because the law by which the grand jury was established was unconstitutional. (Williams v. Mississippi.)

68

193 U. S., 621.

69

238 U. S., 347.

70

Ibid., 368.

71

Ibid., 763.

72

175 U. S., 528.

73

120 U. S., 102.

74

202 U. S., 1.

75

110 U. S., 651.

76

144 U. S., 236, 286, 293.

77

92 U. S., 214, 217.

78

110 U. S., 651.

79

178 U. S., 458, 462.

80

9 Wheaton, 738.

81

This sketch is drawn largely from a pamphlet, presented to the Association for the study of Negro Life and History by the author A. F. Fokeer. The author states that he has not had access to all the material which he desired to use, for when he applied to the municipality for one of the books concerning Ollier, he received an answer stating "that books written by Mauritians, and published in the colony are by no means to be lent to anybody." Therefore, the source from which most of our information is secured is A Biographical Sketch of the Life, Work and Character of Remy Ollier by A. F. Fokeer, published by the General Printing and Stationery Cy. Ld., 23 Church Street, Mauritius. 1917.

82

Earlier figures are not available.

83

General information concerning the island may be obtained from the following: Martin, The British Possessions in Africa, Vol. IV.; Unienville, Statistique de l'île Maurice et ses dépendances; Epinay, Renseignements pour servir à l'histoire de l'île de France; Decotter, Géographie de Maurice et de ses dépendances; Chalmers, A History of Currency in the British Colonies; Anderson, The Sugar Industry of Mauritius; Keller, Madagascar, Mauritius, and other East African Islands; The Mauritius Almanac; The Mauritius Civil Lists; and Annual Colonial Reports.

84

For a brief discussion of these disorders see the present writer's "Border Troubles Along the Rio Grande, 1848-1860," in The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, XXIII, October, 1919, pp. 91-111.

85

Sen. Jour., 38 Cong., 1 Sess., p. 66, passim.

86

Cong. Globe, 38 Cong., 1 Sess., p. 673.

87

Sen. Report No. 8, 38 Cong., 1 Sess., p. 2.

88

This seems to have been only one of some three or four such undertakings attempted at the time. See House Doc. No. 169, 54 Cong., 1 Sess., pp. 44-45.

89

Elsewhere written W. H. Ellis.

90

Ellis's contract promised more than this in case of larger families.

91

For the contract between Ellis and the company see House Doc. No. 169, 54 Cong., 1 Sess., pp. 46-48; for that between Ellis and the colonists see ibid., pp. 4-5. There are only a few minor differences in the two.

92

Ibid., p. 59.

93

Dwyer's Report, and enclosures, ibid., pp. 42 ff.

94

Ibid., pp. 23, 36, 42.

95

Burke to Uhl, May 28, 1895, and enclosure, ibid., pp. 2-3.

96

Olney to Butler, June 17, 1895, ibid., p. 5.

97

It appears that only one band had tried to escape prior to July 18 or 19.

98

Sparks to Uhl, June 24, 1895, and enclosure, ibid., pp. 6-11.

99

Ibid., pp. 12, 16.

100

Ibid., pp. 17-20.

101

Sparks to Uhl, June 4, 1895, and enclosure, pp. 13-14.

102

Ibid., p. 65.

103

Sparks to Uhl, June 24, 1895, and enclosure, pp. 42, 65-66.

President Cleveland, in his message of December 2, 1895, urged an appropriation for the reimbursements of the railroads, and on January 27, 1896, he sent a special message to Congress with reference to the matter. Richardson, Messages and Papers, IX, 634, 664.

An appropriation for urgent deficiencies which was passed on February 26, 1896, contained the following interesting item: "For the payment of the cost of transportation furnished by certain railway companies in connection with the failure of the scheme for the colonization of negroes in Mexico, necessitating their return to their homes in Alabama, … five thousand and eighty-seven dollars and nine cents." 29 U. S. Statutes at Large, p. 18.

104

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, III, 138.

105

Ibid., 170.

106

Ibid., 239.

107

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, III, 168.

108

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, I, 542-543.

109

Ibid., III, 121.

110

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, III, 122-124.

111

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, III, 133-138.

112

Ibid., III, 170.

113

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, III, 190.

114

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, III, 193-194.

115

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, III, 239, 240.

116

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, III, 310-315.

117

These peculiarities, it would seem, are not of equal force in the South American States, owing, in part, perhaps, to a former degradation, produced by colonial vassalage; but principally to the lesser contrast of colours. The difference is not striking between that of many of the Spanish and Portuguese Creoles and that of many of the mixed breed.—J. M.

118

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, III, 495-498.

119

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, III, 541-542.

120

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, III, 2-3.

121

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, IV, 60.

122

Ibid., IV, 188.

123

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, IV, 192.

124

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, IV, 213-214.

125

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, IV, 274-279.

126

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, IV, 301.

127

American Convention Abolition Societies. Minutes, 1796, pp. 12, 14.

128

American Convention of Abolition Societies, Minutes of, 1797, pp. 16 and 17.

129

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1804, pp. 30-33.

130

Minutes of Proceedings of Tenth American Convention for promoting the Abolition of Slavery, 1805, pp. 36-39.

131

Minutes of the American Convention Abolition Societies, 1818. Pages 43 and 47.

132

The Liberator, December, 10, 1836.

133

Hall, The Rending of Virginia, 13.

134

Ibid., 13.

135

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 1776-1861, 1-3.

136

Hall, The Rending of Virginia, 30.

137

Ibid., 30.

138

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 1776-1861, 137.

139

Hall, The Rending of Virginia, 42.

140

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 1776-1861, 137.

141

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 1776-1861.

142

Ibid., 169.

143

Ibid., 140, 141.

144

Hall, The Rending of Virginia, 38.

145

Ibid., 47.

146

Hall, The Rending of Virginia, 45.

147

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 187.

148

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 186.

149

Ibid., 189.

150

Ibid., 192.

151

Ibid., 1776-1861, 192.

152

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 200.

153

Ibid., 201.

154

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 202.

155

Ibid., 202.

156

Ibid., 244.

157

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 245.

158

Ibid., 1776-1861, 251.

159

Ibid., 251-252.

160

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 253.

161

Ibid., 253.

162

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 262.

163

Ibid., 264.

164

Ibid., 265.

165

Ibid., 1776-1861, 266.

166

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 266.

167

Ibid., 267.

168

Ibid., 268.

169

Hall, The Rending of Virginia, 62.

170

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 1776-1861, 269.

171

Ibid., 269.

172

Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia, 311.

173

Hall, The Rending of Va., 60.

174

Ibid., 61.

175

Ambler, Sectionalism in Va., 1776-1861, 301.

176

Hall, The Rending of Va., 60.

177

Lewis, How W. Va. Was Made, 8.

178

Ibid., 10.

179

Ibid., 14.

180

Ibid., 19.

181

Lewis, How W. Va. Was Made, 63.

182

Ibid., 41.

183

Ibid., 45.

184

Ibid., 48.

185

Lewis, How W. Va. Was Made, 63.

186

Ibid., 64.

187

Ibid., 83.

188

Ibid., 108.

189

Ibid., 86.

190

Ibid., 92.

191

Ibid., 139.

192

Lewis, How W. Va. Was Made, 284.

193

Ibid., 318.

194

Ibid., 318.

195

Hall, The Rending of Va., 396.

196

Ibid., 396.

197

Hall, The Rending of Va., 416.

198

Ibid., 416.

199

Hall, The Rending of Virginia, 417.

200

Ibid., 418.

201

Hall, The Rending of Va., 418.

202

Ibid., 419.

203

Hall, The Rending of Virginia, 421.

204

Hall, The Rending of Virginia, 421-429.

205

Ibid., 439.

206

Lewis, How W. Va. Was Made, 322.

207

Ibid., 323.

208

Hall, Rending of Va., p. 440.

209

Hall, The Rending of Virginia, 440-456.

210

Lewis, How W. Va. Was Made, 325.

211

Congressional Globe, Pt. 3, 2nd Session, 37th Congress, 1861-62, 2864.

212

Ibid., Pt. 4 and App. 2nd Session, 37th Congress, 1861-62, 2941.

213

Ibid., Pt. 4 and App. 37th Cong., 2nd Session, 1861-62, 2941.

214

Congressional Globe, 2942.

215

Ibid., 3034.

216

Ibid., 3034.

217

Congressional Globe, 3035.

218

Ibid., 3036.

219

Congressional Globe, Pt. 4 and App. 2nd Session of 37th Congress, 1861-62, 3038.

220

Congressional Globe, 3038.

221

Ibid., 3134-3135.

222

Ibid., 3308.

223

Ibid., 3308.

224

Ibid., 3308.

225

Congressional Globe, Pt. 4 and App. 2nd Session, 37th Cong., 1861-62, 3308.

226

Ibid., 3309.

227

Congressional Globe, 3309.

228

Ibid., 3310.

229

Congressional Globe, 3311.

230

Ibid., Pt. 4 and App. 2nd Sess., 37th Cong., 1861-62, 3314.

231

Ibid., 3315.

232

Congressional Globe, 3316.

233

Congressional Globe, 3316.

234

Ibid., 3316.

235

Ibid., 3316.

236

Congressional Globe, Pt. 4 and App. 2nd Session, 37th Cong., 1861-62, 3317.

237

Ibid., 3317-3320.

238

Congressional Globe, 3317-3320.

239

Ibid., 3320.

240

Ibid., 3320.

241

Congressional Globe, Pt. 2, 3rd Session, 37th Cong., 1862-63, 952.

242

Ibid., 1302.

243

Ibid., Pt. 4 and App. 2nd Session, 37th Cong., 1861-62, 2933.

244

Congressional Globe, 3397.

245

Ibid., Pt. 1, 3rd Session, 37th Cong., 37.

246

Hall, The Rending of Va., 474.

247

Hall, The Rending of Virginia, 475.

248

Cong. Globe, Pt. 1, 3rd Session, 37th Congress, 43.

249

Congressional Globe, 47-57.

250

Ibid., 54.

251

Congressional Globe, Pt. 1, 3rd Session, 37th Cong., 1862-63, 58.

252

Hall, The Rending of Virginia, 485.

253

Ibid., 490-494.

254

Ibid., 488.

255

Ibid., 496.

256

Lewis, How W. Va. Was Made, 330-334.

257

Longfellow, Life of Longfellow, vol. II, p. 347.

258

Thoreau, A Plea for Capt. John Brown, read at Concord, October 30, 1859.

259

Toronto Weekly Globe, Nov. 25, 1859.

260

Ibid., Dec. 9, 1859, and Dec. 16, 1859.

261

Toronto Weekly Globe, Dec. 12, 1859.

262

"There is no country in the world so much hated by slaveholders as Canada," Ward, Autobiography of a Fugitive Negro, London, 1855, p. 158.

263

Journal of the Senate of Virginia, 1859, see pp. 9-25.

264

The Toronto Weekly Globe of Dec. 6, 1859, reported Governor Wise as saying: "One most irritating feature of this predatory war is that it has its seat in the British provinces which furnish asylum for our fugitives and send them and their hired outlaws upon us from depots and rendezvous in the bordering states."

265

Toronto Weekly Globe, Dec. 28, 1859.

266

Toronto Weekly Globe, Dec. 28, 1859.

267

Ibid., Dec. 23, 1859.

268

Ibid., July 20, 1860.

269

Harper's Ferry Invasion, Report of Senatorial Committee, pp. 2 and 7.

270

Harper's Ferry Invasion, Report of Senatorial Committee, p. 99.

271

Hinton, John Brown and His Men, pp. 504-507.

272

Ibid., appendix, p. 704. See also report of Senatorial Committee, p. 97.

273

Hinton, John Brown and His Men, pp. 171-172.

274

Ibid., p. 175.

275

Report of Senatorial Committee, p. 97.

276

Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, pp. 457-8.

277

Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, pp. 536-538, 547.

278

Hinton, John Brown and His Men, pp. 261-263.

279

José Antonio Saco, Historia de la Esclavitud … (Barcelona, 1879), IV, 57 ff.

280

Saco, op. cit., IV, 74, 75, 178; Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, Historia General … tom. 3, lib. 29, cap. 3.

281

Dec. 2, lib. 10, cap. 4; Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Conquista de Nueva-Espana, cap. 124.

282

Herrera, dec. 5, lib. 5, cap. 7-9.

283

Dec. 3, lib. 10, cap. 5.

284

Herrera, op. cit., dec. 5, lib. 10, cap. 1, 2, y 3.

285

Saco, op. cit. IV, 166.

286

Ibid., IV, 170.

287

Pedro de Casteñeda, "Account of the Expedition to Cibola which took place in the year 1540 …," translated in Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States (J. F. Jameson, ed.), pp. 289-290.

288

Spanish Settlements in the United States, 1513-1561, pp. 278-280.

289

Quoted in Lowery, op. cit., pp. 281-282.

290

Census of New York before 1790:

Morgan, Slavery in New York, page 38.

291

New York Emancipation Law—African Repository, Vol. 31, page 155.

292

Half a Man, M. W. Ovington, page 69.

293

American Convention of Abolition Societies, 1797, p. 39.

294

Ibid., p. 39.

295

Ibid., p. 30.

296

Ibid., 1803, p. 7.

297

American Convention of Abolition Societies, 1805, p. 38.

298

Ibid., 1812, p. 7.

299

American Convention of Abolition Societies, 1812, p. 14.

300

Inspectors of the New York African Free Schools reported to The Commercial Advertiser, May 12, 1824, that "we never beheld a white school of the same age in which without exception there was more order, neatness of dress, and cleanliness of person."