Notes and Queries, Number 48, September 28, 1850

JARLTZBERG.

ADAM OF BREMEN'S JULIN

In reply to V. from Belgravia (Vol. ii., p. 230.), I am partially at a loss to know the exact bearing of his Query. Adam of Bremen's account of Julin is no legend, nor does he mention it at all as a doomed city. On the contrary, his description is that of a flourishing emporium of commerce, for which purpose he selects very strong superlatives, as in the following account (De Situ Damæ, lib. ii. cap. ii.):

"Ultra Leuticos qui alio nomine Welzi dicuntur Oddera Flumen occurrit; amnis dilectissimus Slavonicæ regionis. In cujus ostro, qui Scythicas alludet paludes, nobilissima civitas Julinum celeberrimam Barbaris et Græcis qui in circuitu præstet stationem. De cujus præconio quia magna et vix credibilia recitantur, volupe arbitror pauca inserere digna relata. Est sane maxime omnium quas Europa claudit civitatum, quam incolunt Slavi cum aliis gentibus Græcis et Barbaris. Nam et advenæ Saxones parem cohabitandi legem acceperunt, si tamen Christianitatis titulum ibi morantes non publicaverint. Omnes enim adhuc paganicis ritibus aberrant, ceterum moribus et hospitalitate nulla gens honestior aut benignior poterit inveniri. Urbs illa mercibus omnium septentrionalium nationum locuples nihil non habet jucundi et rari."

As Adam is supposed to have been a native and a priest at Magdeburg, whence he was translated by Archbishop Adalbert to a benefice in the cathedral of Bremen, he must, from his comparative proximity to the spot, be supposed a competent witness; and there is not reason to suppose why he should not have been also a creditable one. He died about 1072, and the legends, if any, concerning this famous place, here described as the most extensive in Europe, must have been subsequently framed.

For about one hundred years later (1184) we have from Helmold, the parish priest of Bösan, a small village on the eastern confines of Holstein, a repetition of Adam's words, for a place which he calls "Veneta," but always in the past tense as, "quondam fuit nobilissima civitas," etc.; so that it is plain from that and his expression "excidium civitatis;" as well as, "Hanc civitatem opulentissimam quidam Danorum rex, maxima classe stipatus, fundetus evertisse refertur." The great question is, Where was this great city? and, are the Julin of Adam and the Veneta of Helmold identical? Both questions have given rise to endless discussions amongst German archæologists. The published maps, as late at least as the end of the last century, had a note at a place in the Baltic, opposite to the small town of Demmin, in Pomerania:—"Hic Veneta emporium olim celeberr. æquar. æstu absorpt." Many, perhaps the majority, of recent writers contend for the town of Wallin, which gives its name to one of the islands by which the Stettin Haff is formed,—though the slight verbal conformity seems to be their principal ground; for no rudera, no vestiges of ancient grandeur now mark the spot, not even a tradition of former greatness: whilst Veneta, which can only be taken to mean the civitas of the Veneti, a nation placed by Tacitus on this part of the coast, has a long unbroken chain of oral evidence in its favour, as close to Rugen; and, if authentic records are to be credited, ships have been wrecked in the last century on ancient moles or bulwarks, which then rose nearly to the surface from the submerged ruins. But the subject is much too comprehensive for the compressed notices of your miscellany. I hope to have shortly an opportunity of treating the subject at large in reference to the Schiringsheal which Othere described to King Alfred, about two hundred years earlier.

An edition of Adam and Helmold is very desirable in England, even in a translations as a part of Bohn's Antiquarian Series.

WILLIAM BELL, PH. D.

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES

Bess of Hardwick (Vol. i., p. 276.).—The following particulars in answer to this Query will, I hope, elicit some further information from other quarters. I have, in my answer, attempted to be as brief as possible.

John, the fifth recorded Hardwick, of Hardwick, left issue, by Elizabeth Leake, six children: of whom JAMES (or John) was thrice married, and died sine prole, and DOROTHY died an infant: the four remaining daughters became coheiresses.

Of these MARY HARDWICK married (his first wife) Richard Wingfield, of Wantisden, seventh son of Sir Anthony Wingfield, of Letheringham, co. Suffolk, K.G. His will was proved in London 14th August, 1591. Their eldest son Henry was of Crowfield, co. Suffolk. His great-grandson, Harbottle Wingfield, of Crowfield, was living 1644, and his descendants, if any, may quarter Hardwick. Their second son, Anthony Wingfield, was the well-known Greek reader to Queen Elizabeth; and their third son, Sir John Wingfield, married Susan Bertie, Countess Dowager of Kent, and left Peregrin Wingfield, of whom nothing is recorded.

JANE HARDWICK, next daughter, married Godfrey Bosvile of Gunthwaite and Beighton, co. Ebor. His will is dated 22nd July, 1580. Their eldest child, Francis Bosvile, left only daughter, Grace Bosvile, who died young. His three sisters became coheirs, but the estate of Gunthwaite went to an uncle, ancestor of the present Godfrey Bosvile, Lord Macdonald. Of these sisters, Frances Bosvile married John Savile; Dorothy Bosvile, John Lacy; and Elizabeth Bosvile, John Copley: either they had no children, or these died young. Mary Bosvile, the second daughter and coheir, married Richard Burdett, of Derby, living 1612. Their son, George Burdett, had by his first wife a son, whose issue failed; and by his second wife two daughters, eventually coheirs.

Of these. Mary Burdett married, first, Richard Pilkington, and second, Sir T. Beaumont, of Whitby: and another sister married—Ramsden. No issue of either are recorded. The third sister, Elizabeth Burdett, married, at Hoyland, 6th Feb., 1636, the Rev. Daniel Clark, A.M., and died 27th Aug., 1679, at Fenney-Compton. Their great-grandson and sole male representative was the late Joseph Clark of Northampton, whose descendants also quarter Hardwick.

ELIZABETH HARDWICK, the next daughter, was the celebrated Countess of Shrewsbury. Her representatives are all noble, and their pedigrees may be found in the Peerages. They are—

1. The Duke of Devonshire, representing Wm. Cavendish, first earl.

Certain descendants of Sir Charles Cavendish, of Welbeck Abbey, or rather of his grandson, Henry, second Duke of Newcastle, namely,

2. The Duke of Portland, representing Margaret Pelham, the Duke's eldest coheir;

3. The Marquis of Salisbury from Catherine, and second coheir;

4. The Earl De la Warr; and

5. The Earl of Aboyne, are the coheirs of Sir Charles Cope, Baronet, of Orton; who represented Arabella, Countess of Sunderland, third coheir. These five all quarter Hardwick.

ALICE HARDWICK, next daughter, married Francis Hercy, according to some pedigrees. No issue recorded.

There are therefore descendants certainly known of only two of the children of John Hardwick. Possibly some of your correspondents can supply those of Wingfield and Hercy.

The crest and arms of the Hardwicks may be found in Edmondson. They only quartered Pynchbeke. I am not aware of any motto.

Miss Costello, and other biographers of the Countess of Shrewsbury, have quite overlooked all the descendants of her sisters. Possibly, should these lines meet the eye of the Duke of Devonshire, who possesses the estates and papers of the Hardwicks, it may lead to more particulars concerning the family being made public.

ERMINE.

Torquay.

Quotations in Bishop Andrewes (Vol. ii., p. 245.).—

"Minutuli et patellares Dei."

is from Plautus:

"Di me omnes magni minutique et patellarii." Cistell. II. 1. 46.

and

"Sed quæ de septem totum circumspicit orbemCollibus, imperii Roma Deumque locus."

is from Ovid (Trist. I. 5. 69.).

J.E.B MAYOR.

Marlborough College.

The Sun Feminine in English (Vol. ii., p. 21).—MR. COX may perhaps be pleased to learn why the northern nations made the sun feminine. The ancient Germans and Saxons—

"When they discovered how the sun by his heat and influence excited venereal love in creatures subserviant to his dominion, they then varied his sex, and painted him like a woman, because in them that passion is most impotent, and yet impetuous; on her head they placed a myrtle crown or garland to denote her dominion, and that love should be alwaies verdant as the myrtle; in one hand she supported the world, and in the other three golden apples, to represent that the world and its wealth are both sustained by love. The three golden apples signified the threefold beauty of the sun, exemplified in the morning, meridian, and evening; on her breast was lodged a burning torch, to insinuate to us the violence of the flame of love which scorches humane hearts."—Philipot's Brief and Historical Discourse of the Original and Growth of Heraldry, pp. 12, 13. London, 1672.

T.H. KERSLEY

King William's College, Isle of Man.

Carpatio (Vol. ii., p. 247.).—Your Querist must be little versed in early Italian art, not to know that Vittore Carpaccio (such is the correct spelling) was one of the morning stars of the Venetian school; and his search must have been somewhat careless, as Carpaccio and his works are fully described in Kugler's Handbook, p. 149., and in Lanzi. Some exquisite figures of his, of which Mrs. Jameson has given a St. Stephen in her Legendary Art, exist in the Brera at Milan. He is a painter not sufficiently known in England, but one whom it may be hoped the Arundel Society will introduce by their engravings. I cannot assist J.G.N. in explaining the subject of his engraving. May Cornubioe be by error for Cordubioe?

CLERICUS.

The Character "&".—This character your correspondent will at once see is only the Latin word "et", written in a flourishing form; as we find it repeated in the abbreviation "&c.," for "et cetera". Its adoption as a contraction for the English word "and", arose, no doubt, from the facility of its formation; and the name it acquired was "and-per se-and", "and by itself and," which is easily susceptible of the corruptions noticed by MR. LOWER.

[Greek: PHI].

Walrond Family (Vol. ii., p. 206.).—Burke, in his History of the Commoners, only gives the name of George, one of the sons of Colonel Humphry Walrond. He also states that the colonel married Elizabeth, daughter of Nathaniel Napier, Esq., of More Critchel. Now Colonel Walrond appears from his petition (Royalist Comp. Papers, State Paper Office) dated 12th February, 1648, addressed to the Commissioners for Compounding with Delinquents, to have had nine other children then living. He states: "Thus his eldest sonne George Walrond did absente himselfe for a short time from his father's house, and went into the king's army, where he unfortunately lost his right arme. That he having no estate at present, and but little in expectancy after his father's death, he having ten children, and all nine to be provided for out of y'e petitioner's small estate." In a similar petition, dated about two years later, from "Grace, the wife of Humphry Walrond, of Sea, in the county of Somerset, Esquire," she states "herself to be weake woman, and having TEN children (whereof many are infants) to maintain." That he was married to this Grace, and not to Elizabeth (as stated by Burke), as early as 1634, is clear from a licence to alienate certain lands at Ilminster, 10 Ch. I. (Pat. Rolls.)

That they were both living in 1668 is proved by a petition in the State Paper Office (Read in Council, Ap. 8, 1688. Trade Papers, Verginia, No. I. A.):—"To the King's most excellent Ma'tie and the rt. hon'ble the Lords of his Maj. most hon'ble Privy Councel," from "Grace, the wife of Humphry Walrond, Esq." In this petition she states that her husband had been very severely prosecuted by Lord Willoughby, whose sub-governor he had been in Barbadoes. "He had contracted many debts by reason of his loyalty and suffering in the late troubles, to the loss of at least thirty thousand pounds." "That his loyalty and sufferings are notoriously known, both in this kingdom and the Barbadoes, where he was banished for proclaiming your Ma'tie after the murder of your royal father." Colonel Walrond is mentioned by Clarendon, Rushworth, Whitelock, &c.; but of the date of his death, the maiden name of his wife, and the Christian names of all his ten children, I can find no account.

The arms S.S.S. inquires about on the monument of Humphry Walrond, Esq., in Ilminster Church, are those of the family of Brokehampton. Humphry Walrond (who died 1580) married Elizabeth, daughter and coheir of John Brokehampton., of Sea, and so obtained that estate.

W. DOWNING BRUCE.

Middle Temple.

Blackguard (Vol. ii., p. 134.).—An early instance of the use of this word occurs in a letter from Richard Topcliffe (Aug. 30, 1578), printed in Lodge's Illustrations, vol. ii. p. 188. I quote from Mr. Jardine's Criminal Trials, vol. ii. p. 13.: "His house, Euston, far unmeet for her Highness, but fitter for the Black Guard."

It also occurs in Fuller's Church History (Book ix. cent. xvi. sect. vii. § 35. vol. v. p. 160. ed. Brewer):—"For who can otherwise conceive but such a prince-principal of darkness must be proportionably attended with a black guard of monstrous opinions?"

J.E.B. MAYOR.

Scala Coeli (Vol. i., pp. 366. 402. 455.).—Maundrell mentions, "at the coming out of Pilate's house, a descent, where was anciently the Scala Sancta." (Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 107.) This holy or heavenly stair was that by which the Redeemer was led down, by order of Pilate, according to the legend, and afterwards was, among other relics, carried to Rome. It is now in the Church of St. John Lateran, whither it is said to have been brought by St. Helena from Jerusalem. Pope Alexander Vl., and his successor Julius, granted to the Chapel of St. Mary built by King Henry VII., in Westminster Abbey—

"Easdem indulgencias et peccatorum remissiones … quas Celebrantes pro Defunctis in Capellâ Scala Coeli nuncupatâ in Ecclesiâ Trium Fontium extra muros Urbis Cisterciensis Ordinis … consequuntur."

This indulgence of Pope Julius was dated in the year 1504; and its intention of drawing thither pilgrims and offerings was fully realised, we may believe: for in the year 1519 we find the brotherhood of St. Mary of Rouncevall by Charing Cross paying:—

"To the keper of Scala Celi in the Abby … vjd."

(See Rymer's Foedera, tom. v. pt. iv.; and Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. i. p. 320.)

MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A. Oxon.

Sitting during the Lessons (Vol. ii., p. 46.).—With respect to L.'s Query respecting sitting during the Lessons, I can venture no remarks; but the custom of standing during the reading of the Gospel is very ancient. In the mass of St. Chrysostom the priest exclaims, "Stand up, let us hear the holy Gospel." (Goar, Rituale Græcorum, p. 69.) The same custom appears in the Latin Liturgy of St. Basil:—"Cumque interpres Evangelii dicit 'State cum timore Dei' convertitur Sacerdos ad occidentem," etc. (Renaudot, vol. i. p. 7. Vide also "Liturgy of St. Mark," Ren. vol. i. p. 126.) The edition of Renaudot's Liturgies is the reprint in 1847.

N.E.R. (a subscriber).

Sitting during the Lessons.—There is no doubt, I believe, that in former times the people stood when the minister read the Lessons, to show their reverence. It is recorded in Nehemiah, viii. 5.:

"And Ezra opened the Book in the sight of all the people (for he was above all the people), and when he opened it all the people stood up."

Why this practice should have been altered, or why our Rubric should be silent on this head, does not appear quite clear, though I find in Wheatley (On the Book of Common Prayer, chap. vi. sec. vi.) that which seems to me to be a very sufficient reason, if not for the sitting during the Lessons, certainly for the standing during the reading of the Gospel, and sitting during the Epistle:—

"In St. Augustine's time the people always stood when the lessons were read, to show their reverence to God's holy word: but afterwards, when this was thought too great a burden, they were allowed to sit down at the lessons, and were only obliged to stand at the reading of the Gospel; which always contains something that Our Lord did speak, or suffered in His own person. By which gesture they showed they had a greater respect to the Son of God himself than they had to any other inspired person, though speaking the word of God, and by God's authority."

WALTER MONTAGUE

Aërostation, Works on (Vol. ii., p. 199.).—To the numerous list of works on Aërostation which will no doubt be communicated to you in answer to the inquiry of C.B.M., I beg to add the following small contribution:—

"Saggio Aereonautico di Giuseppe Donini Tifernate," 8vo. pp. 92. With four large folding Plates. Firenze 1819.

Signor Donini also published in 1823 (in Citta di Castello per il Donati) the following pamphlet:—

"Circolare Areonautico (sic) Guiseppe Dolini d Città di Castello a tutti i dotti, e ricchi nazionali, stranieri. 8vo." pp. 16. Oxford.

J.M.

Aërostation.—Your correspondent C.B.M. (Vol. ii., p. 199.) will find some curious matter of aërostation in poor Colonel Maceroni's Autobiography, 2 vols. 8vo.

W.C.

Pole Money (Vol. ii., p. 231.).—The "pole money" alluded to in the extracts given by T.N.I., was doubtless the poll tax, which was revived in the reign of Charles II. Every one knows that at an earlier period of our history it gave rise to Wat Tyler's insurrection. The tax was reimposed several times during the reign of William III. and it appears from a statement of the Lords in a conference which took place with the Commons on the subject in the first of William's reign, that the tax, previously to that time, was last imposed in the 29th of Charles II.

C. ROSS.

Wormwood Wine (Vol. ii., p. 242.).—If, as MR. SINGER supposes, "Eisell was absynthites, or wormwood wine, a nauseously bitter medicament then much in use," Pepys' friends must have had a very singular taste, for he records, on the 24th November, 1660,—

"Creed and Shepley, and I, to the Rhonish wine house, and there I did give them two quarts of wormwood wine."

Perhaps the beverage was doctored for the English market, and rendered more palatable than it had been in the days of Stuckius.

BRAYBROOKE.

Darvon Gatherall (Vol. ii., p. 199.).—Dervel Gadarn (vulgarly miscalled Darvel Gatheren) was son or grandson of Hywel or Hoel, son to Emyr of Britany. He was the founder of Llan-dervel Church, in Merioneth, and lived early in the sixth century. The destruction of his image is mentioned in the Letters on the Suppression of Monasteries, Nos. 95. and 101. Some account of it also exists in Lord Herbert's Henry VIII., which I cannot refer to. I was not aware his name had ever undergone such gross and barbarous corruption as Darvon Gatherall.

A.N.

Darvon Gatherall (Vol. ii., p. 199.), or Darvel Gatheren, is spoken of in Sir H. Ellis's Original Letters, Series III., Letter 330. Hall's Chronicle, p. 826. ed. 1809.

J.E.B. MAYOR.

Darvon Gatherall.—I send you an extract from Southey's Common-place Book, which refers to Darvon Gatherall. Southey had copied it from Wordworth's Ecclesiastical Biography, where it is given as quotation from Michael Wodde, who wrote in 1554. He says:—

"Who could, twenty years agone, say the Lord's Prayer in English?… If we were sick of the pestilence, we ran to St. Rooke: if of the ague, to St. Pernel, or Master John Shorne. If men were in prison, they prayed to St. Leonard. If the Welshman would have a purse, he prayed to Darvel Gathorne. If a wife were weary of a husband, she offered oats at Poules; at London, to St. Uncumber."

Can any of your readers inform me who St. Uncumber was?

PWCCA.

[Poules is St. Paul's. The passage from Michael Wodde is quoted in Ellis' Brand, vol. i. p. 202. edit. 1841.]

Angels' Visits (Vol. i., p. 102.).—WICCAMECUS will find in Norris's Miscellanies, in a poem "To the Memory of my dear Neece, M.C." (Stanza X. p. 10. ed. 1692), the following lines:—

"No wonder such a noble mindHer way to heaven so soon could find:Angels, as 'tis but seldom they appear,So neither do they make long stay;They do but visit, and away."

Mr. Montgomery (Christian Poet) long ago compared this passage with those cited by WICCAMECUS.

J.E.B. MAYOR.

Antiquity of Smoking (Vol. ii., pp. 41. 216.).—On that interesting subject, "The Antiquity of Smoking," I beg to contribute the following "Note," which I made some years ego, but unfortunately without a reference to the author:—

"Some fern was evidently in use among the ancients: for Athenæus, in his first book, quotes from the Greek poet, Crobylus, these words:—

[Greek:'Kai ton larung haedista purio temachioisKaminos, ouk anthropos.']'And I will sweetly burn my throat with cuttings:A chimney, not a man!'

"Now as, in a preceding line, the smoker boasts of his 'Idæan fingers,' it is plain that every man rolled up his sharoot for himself."

H.G.

Antiquity of Smoking (Vol. ii., p. 216.).—Herod. lib. i. sec. 36. is referred to for some illustration, I suppose, of smoking through tubes. Herodotus supplies nothing: perhaps Herodian may be meant, though not very likely. Herb smoking was probably in use in Europe long before tobacco. But direct authority seems sadly wanting.

SANDVICENSIS.

"Noli me tangere" (Vol. ii., pp. 153. 219. 250.).—In a New Testament published by the Portusian Bible Society is a small ill-executed print, called "Christ appearing to Mary," copied from a picture by C. Ciguani.

WEDSECNARF.

Partrige Family (Vol. ii., p. 230.).—Mr. Partrige's reference to Strype's Ecclesiastical Memorials is quite unintelligible to those who have not access to the Oxford reprint of that work. The reprint (I wish that in all other reprints a similar course was adopted) gives the paging of the original folio edition. I submit, therefore, that Mr. Partrige should have stated that the note he has made is from Strype's Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol. ii. p. 310.

The grant to which Mr. Partrige refers is, I dare say, on the Patent Roll, 7 Edw. VI., which may be inspected at the Public Record Office, Rolls Chapel, on payment of a fee of 1s., with liberty to take a copy or extract in pencil gratuitously or a plain copy may be obtained at the rate of 6d. a folio.

The act of 1 Mary, for the restitution in blood of the heirs of Sir Miles Partrige, if not given in the large edition of the Statutes, printed by the Record Commissioners, may no doubt be seen at the Parliament Office, near the House of Lords, on payment of the fee of 5s.

I believe I am correct in saying that no debates of that session are extant; but the proceedings on the various bills may probably be traced in the journals of the two Houses of Parliament, which are printed and deposited in most of our great public libraries.

C.H. Cooper.

Cambridge, Sept. 7, 1850

City Offices.—The best account of the different public offices of the city of London, with their duties, etc., that I know of, your correspondent A CITIZEN (Vol. ii., p. 216.) will find in the Reports of the Municipal Corporation Commissioners.

W.C.

Harvey and the Circulation of the Blood (Vol. ii., p. 266.).—The claim set up on behalf of Father Paul to the honour of Harvey's discovery, which is noticed by your correspondent W.W.B., is satisfactorily disposed of in the life of Harvey in the Biographia Britannica, iv. 2548., note C. Harvey gave a copy of his treatise De Motu Cordis to the Venetian ambassador in England. On his return home the ambassador lent the book to Father Paul, who made some extracts from it. After Father Paul's death, he was thought to be the author of these extracts and hence the story which your correspondent quotes. It might occasionally be convenient if your correspondents could make a little inquiry before they send off their letters to you.