Immunity to Life

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Red blood cells — the cells responsible for carrying oxygen from the body’s tissues to the lungs and carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.

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Thrombosis — a condition where a blood clot (thrombus) forms inside a blood vessel, potentially blocking blood flow.

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Vessel endothelium — the thin layer of cells lining the inner surface of blood vessels (arteries and veins).

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Insulin — a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a key role in regulating blood sugar levels. It helps cells absorb glucose (sugar) and convert it into energy.

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Endocardium — the thin inner lining of the heart. It coats the internal walls of the chambers and valves, providing a smooth surface for blood to flow freely.

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Cytokines — protein molecules that regulate the immune response and allow immune cells to communicate with each other. They act as signals, coordinating the body’s reaction to infections and inflammation.