Russia the formation of the state in the 9th century Veneds and the severjans (northerners), part of the Huns, which became the basis of a new community

“Little by little, the great-grandchildren Afetov Scythian and Zardan separated from their brethren and from their kind from the Western countries, and touched the midday countries, and took possession of Eksinopont, and they live there for many years, and from these sons and grandchildren were born and multiplied greatly, and nicknamed after the great-grandfather of his Scythian Scythia the Great. And there was strife between them and civil strife and sedition are many and crowded for the sake of a place.”

Here is the most important opus about Sardons, referred to as a kindred people to the Scythians. The Sardons settled as far as Narbonne Gaul, and their city was called Ruscino, now the region of Roussillon. The self-names of the Lydians were Sardones, and the Shardens are known from the Egyptian papyri.

Sardones

The Srdn-w Shardans are the people of the sea who briefly formed the personal guard of the Egyptian pharaohs. They are identified with the people, which around the 14—13th centuries. BC e. arrived in Sardinia and founded the culture of the Nuraghe builders there. In the same period, similar cultures arose in Corsica (Torre builders) and in the Balearic Islands (Talayot builders). They are first mentioned in 1350 BC in a letter from the prince Rib-Hatta to Pharaoh Akhenaten. Further, the shardens are mentioned in the troops of Ramses II, but already under Merneptah they invade Egypt, and were defeated only by the pharaoh Ramses III at the epic Battle of Sais. Sardons-Shardens are an Indo-European tribe, even rather a conglomerate of tribes. The Lydians also called themselves Sardis, or rather Shards (Arrian’s Greek spelling is sfarda, but there is no letter Ш in Greek). The capital of Lydia is Sardis. This people settled both Corsica and Sardinia, and even reached Gaul, settling its southern part. The toponyms remained in the form of Roussillon, formerly called Ruscino. In Corsica there is the city of Rusio, and the Settlement Rossignoli on the coast of the island. Chertkov A.D. he is one of the undeservedly forgotten and unmentioned Russian historians, whose contribution to historical science is underestimated. Chertkov’s works were very important for this book. Chertkov Thracian tribes who lived in Asia Minor. – 1st ed. – M.: In Univ. Typ., 1853. – 140, approx. 32 s.

Chertkov “Pelazgo-Thracian tribes that inhabited Italy and from there moved to Rhetia, Vendelikia and further north, to the Maina River.” – 1st ed. – M.: In Univ. Typ., 1853. – 102, approx. 46 s.

Chertkov “On the language of the Pelazgians who inhabited Italy, and its comparison with ancient Slovene”. – 1st ed. – M.: In Univ. Type., 1855. – 193 p.

Talos (ancient Greek Τάλως, Τάλων) – in ancient Greek mythology, a bronze knight, given by Zeus to Europe to protect the island of Crete. The last of the “copper ash”, Zeus gave it to Europe. According to another version, the son of Adonis and Eurynome. It is also called Hephaistoteukton (ancient Greek ἦφαιστότευκτον “created by Hephaestus”), Zeus gave him to Europe as a guard. Apollonius of Rhodes calls Talos the last of the “copper ash-born”, in the Orphic Organautics he is called “three times copper giant.” The only place where he could be injured was the heel, where there was a vein filled with ichor (blood of the gods). Three times a day, he ran around the entire island, despite its size. It is called “three times copper giant” (according to others, a bull). He did not allow foreigners to enter the island, throwing stones at them, and if they did stick to the shore, he heated himself in fire and killed them in his arms. (Orphic Argonautics 1350—1352 // Losev A. F. Mythology of the Greeks and Romans. M., 1996. S. 157) According to Simonides and Sophocles, he burned the victim (according to Simonides Talos was from Sardinia), and killing, he laughed, which is why sardonic laughter is called. Or, since the Cretans founded Troy, and the Lydians were also Sards or Sardons, then some of the Cretans were Sardians, and hence Talos was thought of as a Sardon. So the tradition of the smile of death is much older than the words of the great Marcus Aurelius.

Stari Ras (Serb. Stari Ras / Stari Ras) is a complex of medieval monuments located on the territory of Serbia. UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. The tectonic region of Sardona (Glarnsky naryazh) is a mountainous region in the north-east of Switzerland, apparently, the name given by the ethnonym Sardov-Sardons.

Roussillon (Cat. Rosselló, French Roussillon) is a historical province in southern France between the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean Sea. The main city is Perpignan (now the department of East Pyrenees). In the Middle Ages, the county of Roussillon was located here, then – the Catalan comarca Roussillon. The ancient inhabitants of Roussillon were the Sardon tribe; their main city, Ruscino, was destroyed by the Normans. The name comes from the name of the fortified settlement Ruscino (Latin Ruscino, Rosceliona) near modern Perpignan, the former center of the region of civitas Ruscinonensis, which was part of 121 BC. e. in the ancient Roman province of Narbonne Gaul. In 462, the region, along with the rest of Septimania, was annexed to the Visigothic kingdom by King Theodoric II. Sordons or Sardons are a people who lived in the pre-Roman era in the extreme northeast of the Iberian Peninsula.

The main cities of the Sordones were Ruscino (now Château-Roussillon, fr: Château-Roussillon near Perpignan) and Illyberis (now Elne, fr: Elne)

But, the sardons-chardons left place names in the form of city names in the form of Alba. Albi is a city in southern France, near Toulouse, where this tribe settled. the city of Alba is in Sardinia and on the Apennine Peninsula in Liguria. Alba (Italian Alba) is the main city of the Langhe region on the border of Liguria and Piedmont, along the Tanaro River, in the Italian province of Cuneo. The famous Alba Longa, where the founding fathers of Rome came from.

Olbia was probably also founded earlier by the Sardones. The Moesians were also a related tribe, as evidenced by the name of the city of Sarda, or the romanized name of Serdika, the present Sofia of Bulgaria. And in France, a treasure was discovered with a large number of tablets, with a letter resembling Etruscan and Lydian. The name Chardon is still used in France today. And, the southern part of Gaul was not inhabited at all by the Celts, but by the Sardinian Sardons, close to the Etruscans, and the rapid Romanization of the region in the future is connected with this. The Etruscans-Rasena, this is also part of the union of the Sardon tribes, and the Greeks called them who came from Lydia. Procopius in his war with the Goths mentions in central Italy, the fortress RUSSIANU.

“Meanwhile, Belisarius summoned John to Driunt (Hydrunt) and, together with Valerian and other leaders, assembled a large fleet and immediately sailed with haste to Rusciana.”

The self-name contains the root of the RAS, which was repeatedly used in toponymy of the places of settlement of the Sardons-Sardians. We can say this is one of the historical peoples who populated vast spaces in Europe at the end of the Bronze Age.

What does the root RAS-RUS mean in Indo-European languages?

Rasa (literally rāsa, “sap of plants”; figuratively “best, strongest” is a Sanskrit theological concept used in the traditions of Krishna-bhakti, in particular in Gaudiya Vaishnavism. As we will see later, this concept best fits the meaning of RAS -Rus in ancient times, as a concept of nobility, nobles in Indo-European communities.

Giant in German is Riese, Hüne. That is, the value is HIGH. In Russkoye – ROSLY, ROSTOK. As you can see, the meaning of this in the Indo-European languages is identical, in the meaning of high, noble, best.

“In a little time, the great-grandchildren Afetov Scythian and Zardan separated from their brothers and from their kind from the Western countries, and touched the midday countries, and took possession of Eksinopont, and they live there for many years, and from these sons and grandsons were born and multiplied greatly, and nicknamed by the name of his great-grandfather Scythian Scythia the Great. And there was between them strife and civil strife and sedition, a lot and cramped for the sake of a place. " (“The Legend of Slaven and Ruse, Published according to the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles. T. 31. L., 1977)

Here is the most important opus about Sardons, referred to as a kindred people to the Scythians. The Sardons settled as far as Narbonne Gaul, and their city was called Ruscino, now the region of Roussillon. The self-names of the Lydians were Sardones, and the Shardens are known from the Egyptian papyri.

I.e. As you can see, the Zardons-Sardons were known in Russia as early as the 17th century, judging by the “Legend of Slaven and Rousse”, thereby confirming its authenticity.

Etruscans as part of the Sardons

Since, as Herodotus argued, the Etruscans are immigrants from Lydia, a region in Asia Minor, – Tyrrhenians or Tyrsenes, forced to leave their homeland due to catastrophic crop failure and hunger. According to Herodotus, this happened almost simultaneously with the Trojan War. Gellanicus from the island of Lesbos mentioned the legend of the Pelasgians, who arrived in Italy and became known as Tyrrhenians. The Lydians, or Meons, were a disappeared people who spoke the Lydian language of the Luwian subgroup of the Anatolian group (or branch) of Indo-European languages. They were called Lydians by the Assyrians and Greeks, and the self-name was “meons”, another the self-name was “sfardeny”. Arrian called them Sfardens, or more likely, Shardens in his book about Alexander the Great. According to Xanthus of Lydia, the first king of the Meons was Atius, who had two sons: Lid and Torreb. They were divided into Lydians and Torrebians. The Lydians were excellent horsemen, and only military cunning allowed the dogs to defeat the Lydian horsemen in battle. They are referred to as residents of Lemnos and Crete, and Troas. One of the four main regions of Thessaly in historical time was called Pelasgiotida (Strabo. Geography IX 5, 3 (p. 430). The Pelasgic plains stretched from Fer to Magnesia. By the way, the dynasty of Epirus was always associated with Troy through the marriage of Achilles’ son Neoptolemus with Andromache And in the family of the Epirus kings and kings of Macedonia, the name ALEXANDER was used, which was not used in the rest of Hellas, except Thessaly.

Thus, the Pelasgians are associated in many respects with Troy, and therefore with Asia Minor.

The Venets, the Etruscans’ neighbors in Italy, also came from Asia Minor, and they are mentioned by Quintus Curtius Rufus living there in the book about Alexander the Great.

Roman writer Justin, processing the “World History” of Pompey Trogus, 1st century. BC, wrote:

“After all, the Tusa peoples (populi), who own the coast of the Lower Sea, came from Lydia, and the Veneti, whom we now see living near the shores of the Upper Sea, were brought here by their leader Antenor, when Troy was taken and conquered.” Justin, XX.1.7—8.

That is, Justin confirms the arrival of the Veneti from Asia Minor, and as you can see, the writing of the Veneti and Etruscans was identical. By tus he means the Etruscans; the Romans called the Etruscans tus. Tusci. The Etruscans expelled the ancestors of the Germans, actually the Tus, from Italy. In Rome, Etruscans were considered natural-born sorcerers and the cult was organized according to the Etruscan rite. Even the word CEREMONY has Etruscan roots, from the famous lukomons from CERE, the city of Etruria.

The connection between the Etruscan language and the Italic dialects, in particular with the Sabine and Latin, is very interesting. There are many Latin and Sabine words of a clearly Etruscan character. Etruscan origin Roman male names in a: Sulla, Cinna, Catilina, Perperna (Etruscan name Porsenna). A connection can be made between Etruscan personal names and some of the names and terms of early Rome. The names of the three old Roman tribes – Ramna, Titia and Lucera (Ramnes, Tities, Luceres) correspond to the Etruscan generic names rumulna, titie, lucher. The names “Rome” (Roma) and “Romulus” (Romulus) find a close analogy in the Etruscan rumate, the Etruscan-Latin Ramennius, Ramnius, etc.

And here the name Atiy, which is repeatedly found among the Indo-European Scythians in the form of Atey, and among the Romans Attius (the ancient Roman poet Lucius Akcius). During the historical period, the Lydians lived in the area of Lydia in western Anatolia. R. Beekes believed that during the Trojan War, the Lydians, known by Homer as the Meons, lived much further north, in the north-west of Anatolia, in the Masa region, the localization of which is still the subject of controversy. The self-name of the Etruscans was – Rasenna, Raśna. As you can see, among the Sardis, the toponym with the root RUS was not at all exceptional. Here we have both Ruscino and Rassenna. And the main thing is that this is not accidental, but in the general cultural and national context, because we see two parts of one people, the Sardis. In Serbia, there is the city of Ras, old Ras and Raska. And in Moesia there was also a city of Sardis, or Serdika. So the language of the Etruscans should be close to Lydian, the language of the Ruscino Sardons and the Venetians of the Adriatic, and practically the same language was spoken in the vast space from southern Gaul to Asia Minor. Sardis (in Lydian Sfarda, ancient Persian Sparda, ancient Greek αἱ Σάρδεις, in Ionic dialect Σάρδιες, short Greek Σάρδῑς), one of the great cities of the ancient world, best known as the capital of Lydia. It was located in Asia Minor on the gold-bearing river Paktol, at the foot of Mount Tmol, from where the entire valley of the Germ River opens. The common name for the Lydians was SARDA. SARDES reached not only Italy, but also settled in modern Roussillon. The self-name of the Lydians, according to Arrian, was precisely SFARDS (probably shards, because there are no hissing in Greek)

That is, we see the migration of the Chardin Sardines to Gaul, Sardinia and Northern Italy. And, interestingly, some of these peoples used a similar name – Ras-Rus. In Sanskrit, this word means “best”. The common name for the Lydians was SARDA. SARDES reached not only Italy, but also settled in modern Roussillon. The ancient inhabitants of Roussillon were the Sardons; their main city was called Ruscino. Place names with the root Ras were also used by the Etruscans in the names of cities. Procopius of Kessarii mentions the city of Rusciana near Croton.

Vends

Venets-Wends-Wends, according to Olaf Dalin, formerly called Huns

The earliest mention of the Vends is in Homer. called the Aeneians or Aeneans, and their lord, the king of the city of Cephas in Thessaly is called Hunei, and here we see the Huns-Huns of antiquity.

But from Kifa Guney with twenty and two ships

He sailed, leading the Aenians and the warlike, strong Perrebians,

A tribe of men who settled around Dodona cold,

The lands of those who plowed, on whom the merry Titaresus makes noise,

Quickly in Penei rushing magnificently rolling waters,

Which he does not merge anywhere with the Penei of silver,

Homer. Iliad II 748

That is, Homer indicates where the Huns-Gants lived in a time close to him – in Thessaly, where it was possible to engage in horse breeding, and the Eneta-Venets are immediately mentioned, and next to the Huns, which will be important in the future.

And they, as part of the Huns-Hans, came to Asia Minor and Hellas at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC.

The earliest news of the Roman writers about the Wends date back to the end of the 1st-2nd centuries. n. e. and belong to the Roman writers – Pliny the Elder, Publius Cornelius Tacitus and Ptolemy Claudius, although Herodotus apparently mentioned the Wends in the 5th century. BC BC, when he wrote that amber was brought from the Eridani River from the Enets (Venets), Quintus Curtius Rufus also wrote about them in his book about the campaign of Alexander the Great, and says that they lived in Asia Minor..

According to Pliny (I century, the Wends lived on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea east of Vistula. Pliny the Elder and Pomponius Mela tell the story of the proconsul of Gaul Quintus Metellus Celer about how a storm nailed a ship with merchants of the Wind people (Venets) to the northern coast of Germany. For half a century, Tacitus places the Wends in the area between the Vistula River (Vistula) and the Aestia (Zsty). Tacitus hesitated in his judgment: whether to classify them as Germans or Sarmatians. Based on the fact that they “put houses”, “use shields” and “willingly move on foot”, he nevertheless considered them different from the Sarmatians,’ who live in a cart and on horseback. ‘On the Peitinger map, edited from the 1st century AD to the 5th century AD, the Wends are localized in two places, the first time (as Venadi) from the north of the Carpathians, the second (as Venedi) in the lower reaches of the Danube (in the region of the Ipotesti-Kindesh culture).

The Gothic historian Jordan, in his story “On the origin and deeds of the Getae (Getik)” (551), described the places of residence of the Veneti

“… At their left slope [the Carpathians], descending to the north, starting from the birthplace of the Vistula River, a populous tribe of Venets is located in immense spaces. Although their names now change according to different clans and localities, they are still predominantly called Sklavens and Antes. Sklavens live from the city of Novietaunai Lake, called Mursian Lake, to Dunastr [Dniester], and to the north – to Viskla [Vistula], instead of cities they have swamps and forests. The Antes, the strongest of both [tribes], spread from Danastr to Danapr [Dnieper], where the Pontic [Black] Sea forms a bend; these rivers are removed from one another at a distance of many crossings”

In the same place, at Jordan, it is mentioned that during the time of the Ostrogoth [Ostrogothic] king Germanarich (died in 375 or 376 AD), the Wends tribe was subject to him along with other Proto-Slavic tribes:

“These [Venets], as we have already told at the beginning of our exposition, – precisely when listing the tribes, – come from one root and are now known under three names: Venets, Antes, Sklavens. Although now, due to our sins, they rage everywhere, but then they all submitted to the authority of Germanarich.”

Some authors of the 19th century (for example, the Slavophile A.S. Khomyakov), referring, among other things, to the chronicler of the 12th century Helmold, who in his Slavic Chronicle writes: “Where Polonius ends, we come to the vast country of those Slavs who antiquities are called vandals, but now they are called vinits, or vines.”

Meanwhile, these three peoples occupied a single territory in the center of Europe and could be related to each other. Adriatic Veneti as early as the 2nd millennium BC. were connected with the southern Baltic region by the amber route. The Old Russian Chronicle The Tale of Bygone Years and medieval Lithuanian legends about Palemon connect the origin of their peoples with the Norik region, where the Illyrian Veneti lived:

“… After the division of the peoples, the sons of Shem took the eastern countries, and the sons of Ham took the southern countries, the Japheths took the west and northern countries. From the same 70 and 2, the Slavic people also originated, from the Japheth tribe – the so-called Noriks, which are the essence of the Slavs”. The legend about the formation of the Czech people, described in the book of Prokop Sloboda, also agrees with this: but not to everyone, as once from this Krapino area, according to the reckoning of Peter Codicilus and many others, in 278, a very noble nobleman Cech left with his brothers Lech and Russ, as well as with all his friends and family, due to the fact that they could no longer endure the great attacks and oppressions that the Romans did to them, and especially the commander of the Roman troops Aurelius, who guarded Illyria with an armed hand and so oppressed his family that Cech and his own revolted against him and brought him out of the living. And as a result, fearing the mighty hand of the Romans, he left Krapina, his fatherland. For 14 years he served with Salmanin, with the son of Tsirzipan, then the ruler and future leader of the Bohemian people …”

The content of this legend is fully consistent with the Roman chronicles, which tell of the uprising of Marcus Aurelius Caras in Noric and Retia in 282, as a result of which the rebels killed the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Probes and the power passed to Kara. Indeed, the historian Jordan, in his work “On the Origin and Deeds of the Getae,” pointed out the identity between the Wends, Antes and Sklavins. In addition to Jordan, Latin writers of the 7th-8th centuries also identified the Wends with the Slavs: in the chronicle of Fredegar (7th century), the Wends (Winedos) are mentioned more than once in connection with the Slavs (Sclavos) in connection with the events of 623:

Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.

Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».

Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.

Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.