The Principles and Methods of Osteopathy. Part 1. Biomechanical Methods

– The subject of osteopathic activity is the restoration of the integrity of the human body with the help of hands.

– Osteopathy is a holistic manual medical system of prevention, diagnostics, treatment and restoration of consequences of somatic dysfunctions entailing breach of health, aimed at restoring the natural abilities of the body to self-correction.

– The specific object of the therapeutic effect of an osteopathic

physician is somatic dysfunction.

– The basis of osteopathy is the fundamental sciences.

– Osteopathy is now integrated into official medicine

– Osteopathy is an evolutionary direction of medicine

– Osteopathy is not divided into parts.

– Health, according to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO), is the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseases and infirmity.

– “… An osteopath is looking for health…, every person can find a disease…”

– The official health care system has now focused on finding and effective prevention of diseases.

– The somatic function is expressed by the integrity and neutral calmness.

– Somatic dysfunction as an anatomic morphological substrate is a health manifestation, mechanisms of self-correction and self-restoration; mechanisms of adaptation that are implemented to maintain homeostasis at the stage before the onset of the disease, at the stage of pre-illness.

– Function (functio – execution, fulfillment) is a phenomenon that depends on another phenomenon and changes as this other phenomenon changes.

– In the case of the human body, the function is an arbitrary or involuntary reaction of the organism in response to the influence of the external environment.

– The functional impairment is a violation of the mechanism of adaptation in the process of vital activity of the organism in the changing external environment.

– A functional disturbance, or a violation of adaptation, can be local, regional, but it is always global.

– The purpose of the function is to adapt effectively

– Somatic dysfunction is primarily a global violation of the adaption of the entire body, the entire soma, a violation of the integrity of the body.

– In working with children under 3—5 years of age, we use a biomechanical method exclusively for diagnostic purposes.

– Functional impairment, or somatic dysfunction, is manifested at the biomechanical level by a change in the state of biomechanical unity; at the functional level – a violation of the synchronous implementation of functions relative to each other and relative to global body functions; at the biodynamic level – a violation of the integrity of the organism and its habitat (mother Nature), of which it is a part.

– Somatic dysfunction is a functional impairment manifested by biomechanical, rhythmogenic and neurodynamic components.

– Three sources of osteopathy:

– unconditional love,

– spirituality,

– holistic health.

– In osteopathy it is customary to distinguish three methods:

– biomechanical,

– functional,

– biodynamic.

– Functions of the human body are manifested by different rhythmic mobility.

– In the process of perceptive diagnostics, the global mobility of the human body is felt as a holistic vibration of a certain force, frequency and amplitude. It can be felt under the hands.

– Violation of synchronicity of interaction between parts of the body leads to a functional and biomechanical violation.

– Sanogenetic reactions of the body, aimed at maintaining homeostasis, go beyond the limits of physiological comfort, forming clinical manifestations of somatic dysfunctions.

– Disease is a variant of adaptation of the organism to changing environmental conditions that has gone beyond the limits of the functional norm.

– Disease is a manifestation of health, the struggle of the organism for its functional integrity, for survival.

– Osteopathic lesion is a complex of functional reactions of the

body as a response to the direct action of exogenous factors.

– The lesion field is a complex of reactions of the organism in the process of its adaptation to the damaging exogenous factor. The lesion field has its own boundaries, the centre (the fulcrum).

– Somatic dysfunction is a manifestation of health in the form of

physiological organism’s reactions in response to osteopathic lesion.

– The main role of the doctor -osteopath is manifested in the prevention of violation of functional unity, the vital integrity of the human body, dysfunctional changes in the immune and autonomic nervous systems.

– The subject of studying osteopathy is human health and its adaptation to environmental changes as well as the conditions for the formation of health, its preservation and development.

Review questions

– Name the subject of osteopathic activity.

– Give the definition of osteopathy.

– Give the definition of health from the point of view of osteopathy.

– Give the definition of a disease from the point of view of osteopathy.

– Give the definition of osteopathic lesion.

– Give the definition of the lesion field from the point of view of osteopathy.

– Give the definition of the somatic dysfunction.

– Give the definition of the somatic function.

– Give the definition of functional violation (impairment).

– Name the methods of osteopathic correction.

Literature

– Bernstein N.A. Biomechanics and Physiology of movements. – M., 1997

– Bernstein N.A. On the Construction of Movements. – M.: Medical State Publishing House, 1947

– Mokhov D.E., Belash V.O., Kuz’mina U.O., Lebedev D.S., Miroshnichenko D.B., Tregubova E.S., Shiryaeva E.E. Osteopathic Diagnostics of Somatic Dysfunctions. Clinical recommendations. – 2014

– Mokhov D.E., Mikirtichan G.L., Lichtschangof A.Z., Malkov S.S. Manual Medicine, Osteopathy: History, Current State, Development Prospects. – Medical State Publishing House, 2011

– Magun Garold. Osteopathy in Cranial Region. – 1951

– Novoseltsev S.V. Introduction to Osteopathy. Private Cranial Osteopathy. Practical Guide (Manual) for Physicians. Folio, 2009

– Still A.T. Osteopathy. Research and Practice. – MIK, 2015

– Still A.T. The Philosophy and Mechanical Principles of Osteopathy. – MIK, 2015

– Human Physiology. The three volumes / Edited by R. Schmidt, G. Tevs. – 3rd edition. – M.: Mir, 2010

– Hebgen E. Visceral Osteopathy. Principles and Techniques. – M.: Eksmo, 2013

– Greenman P. Principles of manual medicine. – Williams and Wilkins, 1989.

– Solano Raymond. Le Nourrisson, L’Enfant et L`Osteopathie Cranienn (Edition Maloine). – Maloine, 1986.

– Still A. T. (1899) Philosophy of osteopathy. Published by author. Kirksville, MO.

– Sutherland W. G. The cranial bowl. A treatise relating (not relaiting) to cranial mobility, cranial articular lesions and cranial technique. Ed. 1. Free Press Co. Mankato, MN, 1939.

…The structure controls the function. The body is a single whole.

The body has self-healing and self-regulating

mechanisms…

A. T. Still

You must collect all our perception into a single perception that allows us to assess the integrity…

James S. Jealous D. O.

Chapter 2. The Principles of Osteopathy

The principle is the fundamental truth. The method is a way of implementation and research based on principles.

The way is an action or a system of actions. The method is based on the principle. The brain forms perception.

Let us list some methods of osteopathy that every freshman of any osteopathic school knows after the first seminar.

– Man is a part of nature (the biosphere).

– Man is a dynamic functionally integrated system.

– The human body is a self-regulating system.

– Unity of function and structure.

– Movement is one of the fundamental manifestations of life.

– Primary (cellular) respiration is the basis of life activity.

– Benevolent care of a person, focused on health, is the basis of effective therapy

Man is a part of nature (the biosphere)

Every man is a part of all mankind and the biological system of our planet on the whole. In fact, I want to think that it really is, and we are not a malicious virus that our earth simply tolerates up to a certain point.

Thus, what we consider to be a whole is simultaneously a part, and we are dealing with a system in the system.

“…And humanity is just one big body of Adam”, as some claim, “… consisting of cells in the form of humans…”.

The division into parts of the body, organs and systems is the result of the work of our mind, the intellectual exploration of our “observer”, and the description of the individual fractions that make up the whole picture.

But even at this level, the shape and physiology of tissues and organs is determined by the needs of the whole. The needs of adaptation to environmental conditions, which are formed long before birth and are predetermined genetically. Parts are just an expression and a manifestation of the whole.

Man is a dynamic functionally integrated system

Human body is a single system consisting of parts striving for functional integrity.

All organs and systems are interconnected anatomically and functionally.

Anatomical unity is ensured by the fascia and its derivatives forming a biomechanical integrity not only at the local, but also at the regional and global levels.

Functional unity is manifested by a continuous, complementary relationship between the functions of all organs and systems of the body.

Biodynamic unity is characterized by a unifying relationship between man and nature of which he is an integral part.

The human body functions only in interactions with the environment. The study of the functional unity of the human body is inextricably linked with physiology – a dynamic study of the functions of the living organism and its components in the process of interaction with the environment.

The main object of the study of physiology are the functions of the organism as a whole, its parts, tissues, organs, cells, extracellular elements, molecules and atoms.

All objects studied by the osteopaths are part of the physical space and, given the dynamic component, can be described in a four-dimensional coordinate system.

Of these four coordinates three relate to space, and their understanding underlies the biomechanical method of osteopathy forming the definition of axes and planes.

The fourth coordinate is time. In osteopathy we determine the duration of the event and the frequency of its occurrence.

Thus, we can conclude that osteopathy, based on the laws of physiology, studies the integrity of the human body.

The body consists of parts. The characteristics of these parts vary with time. In other words, the dynamic processes of the organism’s interaction with the environment, that is functions, are the subject of study.

The human body

is a self-regulating system

The basis of effective self-regulation of the body is the normal physiological state of the immune, central and autonomic nervous systems. These systems, like everything in our organism, are interrelated, indivisible and integral.

To restore self-regulating functions, the system must pass through a state of neutrality, which is achieved by the balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic component of the autonomic nervous system. And also by the restoration of the interrelations of the organism (biosphere), of which it is a part.

Unity of function and structure

Biological functions of the human body are the result of the evolutionary development of the human body in the process of adaptation to changing environmental conditions.

To implement specific functions a certain structure of cells and organs is necessary. We need their structural organization.

The statement that structure and function are interrelated does not really reflect the true situation. They are one. A function can only be expressed through a structure. A structure is such only because it must express a certain function.

If in the process evolutionary development of the human body for adaptation it required other functions, then no doubt the structure of cells, tissues and organs would be different. One example is the evolution of the structure of telereceptors.

The structure of the body and its individual parts is predetermined genetically, within the framework of the functional purpose. Any violation of the order and sequence of gene activation inevitably leads to a disruption of structural and functional interactions. Moreover, the state of the environment in the first two weeks of embryo development significantly affects embryogenesis.

Can we say that the function is primary with respect to the structure?

Yes and no. The future functions of the organism are “recorded” in the genome and ordered in the structural elements of chromosomes.

Thus, we understand that, regardless of the dominant influence, the function and structure are unified and inseparable.

In the process of the life of the human body as a result of adaptation beyond the physiological boundaries, we get a change in the structure of organs and tissues. In some cases this leads to a change in fuction. And it manifests itself not only at the local or regional but also at the global level.

Sanogenetic reactions, the purpose of which is to maintain homeostasis, if necessary form the systemic changes in the structure and function of the whole organism.

With various violations, two extreme scenarios are possible. In the first case, this is the control of the nervous system and the change in transport flow from the side of the vascular system. These changes lead to the formation of functional abnormalities and, as a consequence, to the disruption of the function. With long-term functional disorders in the process of adaptation of the organism the structure changes.

On the other hand, mechanical damage to the structure entails a disruption of the function. That is why for a long time one of the basic principles of osteopathy reads: “The structure controls the function, the function affects the structure.”. Now we understand when this happens.

Movement is one of the fundamental manifestations of life

Movement is one of the manifestations of the vital activity of the body. All physiological processes are accompanied by internal and external motor activity. This activity manifests itself in the form of rhythmic oscillations of a certain frequency, power, and amplitude. By changing these indicators we can evaluate the functional state of the organs and systems of the body. The motor activity and its characteristics are available for manual intervention and therapy and can be used by an osteopathic physician for diagnosis and therapy.

Primary (cellular) respiration is the basis of vital activity

Breath as a global function of the body is a sequential chain of physical, biochemical and physiological reactions, the purpose of which is the generation and accumulation of energy in the body.

On the one hand, for the formation of energy in the body nutrients are needed in the form of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Their supply is provided by the digestive system. On the other hand, oxygen is needed for the processing of nutrients, and it enters the body due to the work of the respiratory system during chest (thoracic) breathing.

The very transformation of the energy of nutrients into the energy of macroergic bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) occurs in the mitochondria of cells. Accumulated energy is necessary to ensure all processes occurring in the body.

The functions of our body are directly dependent on the intake and accumulation of energy. That’s why breathing is called cellular. Since the process of cellular respiration is basic and principal, it is called primary.

Thoracic (chest) respiration and circulation are functional elements of the global respiratory system of the human body. Their functioning has many manifestations including they are registered in the form of undulating rhythmic oscillations with certain qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

These fluctuations, in turn, are available for perceptive diagnosis in the process of osteopathic testing. By changing the chest breathing and cardiovascular rhythm we can judge the state of the primary cellular respiration.

Benevolent care of a person, focused on health, is the basis of effective therapy

Benevolent is a person wishing good to others. The care of a doctor – an osteopath about a patient is manifested by actions aimed at restoring his health and well-being.

We can appreciate the state of a person in its unity only in a neutral state of calm and goodwill, without distinction (independently) from what is happening inside and around. Otherwise, sympathetic noise will drown out perception, distorting it. And then we will only perceive individual elements. And the whole, in its direct connection with the surrounding world, will slip away from us.

Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.

Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».

Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.

Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.