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More How to Win at Aptitude Tests
Liam Healy
A key guide to the latest developments in assessment and aptitude testing.Aptitude tests – also known as psychometric or IQ tests – are being relied on more and more by employers, schools and colleges. This book clearly explains how to be prepared for every aspect of the aptitude tests as well as tips on handling follow-up interviews. It incorporates new graduate and managerial level tests, as well as up-to-date information on internet-based methods of selection. More How To Win At Aptitude Tests is an essential aid for anyone faced with an aptitude or psychometric test. Includes:How to Boost your Numerical ability• Improve your Verbal, Abstract and Spatial reasoning• Increase your Speed and Accuracy.• Answers are supplied for every test.Healy explains how to best prepare for the test and what to expect from the session itself, as well as the follow-up/validation interview.
More How to Win at Aptitude Tests
Liam Healy
Contents
Cover (#u1e380009-a547-518d-bf52-337566dd2e63)
Title Page (#ua927b0c5-b9ec-5f72-94a0-584f0db89d79)
Introduction (#ulink_c132a109-9d30-5b55-8265-0eba2dabc476)
1: About Aptitude Tests (#ulink_c8d3c159-8d8e-5a9f-aeee-ec71aaf80417)
2: Numerical Tests (#ulink_f33d9586-5b08-58cb-949a-ee90159c78fa)
3: Tests of Verbal Ability (#litres_trial_promo)
4: Tests of Abstract Ability (#litres_trial_promo)
5: Tests of Technical Ability (#litres_trial_promo)
6: Tests of Speed and Perception (#litres_trial_promo)
7: Personality Tests (#litres_trial_promo)
8: How to Deal with Tests and the Testing Process (#litres_trial_promo)
Appendix I – Answers to the Tests (#litres_trial_promo)
Appendix II – Further Information (#litres_trial_promo)
Copyright (#litres_trial_promo)
About the Publisher (#litres_trial_promo)
Introduction (#ua104dfe0-1075-5fd5-8edd-c27e88b732ff)
Welcome and well done. You have probably picked up this book for one of three reasons:
1 You, or someone you know, are about to take some aptitude tests and you think you may need a hand;
2 You are facing some choices regarding your own career and you want to find out what you are good at and what you are not so good at;
3 You have heard about aptitude tests and know that a lot of companies use them for recruitment or development purposes, so you want to brush up your skills – just in case.
The numerous test examples and detailed information in this book will help you prepare for test sessions, and give you an idea of what to expect during an actual test session, so reducing your anxiety about having to face what can be the most daunting part of a recruitment process. The reasons why companies use tests to make decisions and how they use them, are explained. Tests are very often followed by post-test feedback and interviews, and the best approaches to these are described.
Practice Tests
In this book you will find examples of the most common types of test in use today, as well as examples of some of the less common. For every type of test, preparation and practice strategies are included, as well as detailed answers to the questions. For the most basic ability tests, through to graduate and managerial level reasoning and problem-solving tests, this book is likely to be your best single source for preparing for that all-important test.
With the increasing emphasis companies place on the ‘softer’ behavioural skills, a specially written personality test has also been included – you are more likely to face this type of test than any other. This will help give you a complete picture of what you are like as a person. Whatever type of test you are going to face, this book will show you what to expect.
Reduce Your Anxiety About Being Tested
It is only natural that when faced with an unknown task you will be nervous. This is true whether you are a school leaver applying for your first job, or a senior executive applying for your final post before retirement. Aptitude testing is used for more than just recruitment; for many companies it plays a pivotal role in development as well – in either case, knowing what to expect will enable you to produce a performance which is less hindered by nerves and which reflects more closely your actual skills and abilities.
Handling the Selection Process
Being invited to sit a test (or tests) is only one part of the selection process. This book explains what tools an employer may use to assess the skills and abilities that they are interested in. The other types of selection tool you may also come across, such as assessment centres, interviews, work samples and job simulations, are also described.
Because most employers use structured interviews to validate the results of tests, the post-test interview is covered in detail. This includes advice on how to recover if you think your performance has been less than perfect!
Whatever you choose to do in your life – and it is your life and happiness which are important, not simply your career – this book gives you the chance to prepare yourself for some of the challenges you may face.
Good luck!
1About Aptitude Tests (#ua104dfe0-1075-5fd5-8edd-c27e88b732ff)
An aptitude test is one of a larger group of measures of psychological characteristics collectively known as ‘psychometric tests’. Overall, psychometric tests fall into one of two categories:
1 Tests of Typical Performance – which include things such as personality tests and interest questionnaires.
2 Tests of Maximum Performance – which include things such as aptitude and ability tests.
TYPICAL AND MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE
Typical Performance Test
A typical performance test looks at what you can typically do. This means measuring what you can do without any real effort or preparation.
Personality questionnaires
The most common type of typical performance test is the personality questionnaire, but they can also be used to measure things such as work preferences and interests. Personality questionnaires usually contain items (or questions) in the form of:
Q I would rather go out and socialize with my friends than stay in and read a book.
A (choose one)
Agree □
Disagree □
Clearly, there is no ‘correct’ answer to this question. Assuming that a question measures a personal trait such as ‘enjoyment of social contact’, there is no particular meaning or value attached to either answer. In other words, neither answer is intrinsically good or bad. So, for instance, saying that a person scored 23 out of 56 on an assertiveness scale is probably meaningless, while saying that they were more assertive than average might have some relevance to their suitability for employment. Most typical performance tests, such as personality questionnaires, have no time limit, although, for organizational efficiency, some test supervisors may encourage you to complete them within a set time.
Tests of interest and tests of motivation
There are two other types of typical performance test you may come across – tests of interest and tests of motivation. Tests of interest are rarely used in selection processes, being more commonly used in career development. Tests of motivation are just that – measures of what motivates a person. However, they are quite rare and very seldom used in selection, not least because no one can agree what exactly tests of motivation should be looking for.
Maximum Performance Tests
A maximum performance test looks at what you can actually do when you are trying your best and this is exactly what an aptitude or ability test is. Look at the following from a numerical aptitude test:
123 × 456 = ?
Clearly, if you do not put effort into answering this question, you will not get the answer right. Your gut feeling might produce an answer of about 500,000. This is not the correct answer, and if you put this down as the answer you would be wrong. If you tried harder you might eventually come up with the correct answer (56,088).
So, with tests of maximum performance, the questions do have right and wrong answers and so the results can be interpreted numerically with greater ease than typical performance tests.
One of the things we know about intellectual ability is that people who are rated as being more intelligent than others may be so because they can solve problems more quickly. It follows that tests of maximum performance, such as aptitude tests, usually have strict time limits.
ABILITY AND APTITUDE
If you sat a test that assessed your numerical skills, you may find that it would be called something like a ‘Numerical Aptitude’ test. Subsequently, you may sit a test that looks exactly the same but instead is called a ‘Numerical Ability’ test. They certainly look the same – but there is a difference.
In reality, they both measure numerical skills. Psychologists have known for a long time that intelligence, or intellectual ability, is composed of a number of separate facets. Generally, these areas are accepted as being linked to verbal, numerical, abstract, spatial and mechanical reasoning.
If we were only interested in, say, mechanical reasoning, we would refer to this very specific area as ‘aptitude’ or ‘specific ability’. Very often, a person’s scores on three tests – for example, verbal, numerical and abstract ability – are combined to produce an overall score. More rarely, because of the time involved, a test may have questions from all three.
When used in this combined way, a measure of a person’s overall general ability or general aptitude is obtained. Remember:
Ability = general aptitude or overall ability at verbal, numerical and abstract thinking.
Aptitude = specific ability, such as in verbal or numerical or abstract thinking.
This distinction is not so important for the average test taker, since you may simply be told to expect a test of numerical reasoning skill, so don’t worry too much about it.
It is important, though, not to confuse tests of ability and aptitude with tests of attainment. These assess what you have learnt, and are tests of knowledge not ability. Things like school or driving exams are tests of attainment rather than direct measures of ability.
SPEED AND POWER TESTS
Speed and Power tests represent different styles of test, rather than measuring different aptitudes or abilities; specifically, they describe the nature of the test questions themselves.
In a speed test, the items tend to be quite small in scope, very specific and often not too difficult. With speed tests it is how many questions the test taker can answer correctly that is important. A numerical aptitude test with speed items could look something like this; you can see how each question is very narrowly confined in terms of content:
123 + 456 = ?
987 – 654 = ?
567 × 123 = ?
In the case of a power test, the approach is quite different and much more emphasis is placed on presenting the test taker with a smaller number of more difficult or complex questions.
A numerical aptitude test with power items may look something like:
Brian is 6 cm taller than Kate and Kate is 2 cm taller than William. William is 1,680 cm tall. Andrew is taller than all three but not as tall as Marjorie.
Brian is taller than Andrew
a) true
b) false
c) can’t tell
Brian is 1,692 cm tall
a) true
b) false
c) can’t tell
Typically, speed tests contain a lot more items than power tests although they often have the same approximate time limit. Power tests tend to be used more at the graduate, professional or managerial level since their expanded format allows for more work-related content to be addressed.
APTITUDE AND REASONING ABILITY
Although reasoning ability does depend on some level of ‘raw’ or basic ability, aptitude and reasoning ability are two different things. Straightforward ability or aptitude is to do with the computational acts involved in solving a very specific test question – what you have to do is often clear, whether you can do it or not is quite a different matter. Reasoning ability is to do with knowing when to apply a certain computational act.
In the power and speed test examples above, the speed questions were to do with basic, raw numerical or mathematical ability. A very precise act of computation (for instance subtraction or multiplication) was clearly indicated by the format of the question. All you had to do was carry out the calculation.
With the power questions, it was not indicated which specific mathematical computation (for instance, addition or division) had to be carried out in order to reach a solution. The task you faced was to apply a more general problem solving approach – the problem being not ‘what is the answer?’ but ‘what do I have to do to work out how to reach the answer?’
Once you have established how to reach the answer, the final task itself is often a very simple process of mathematical calculation.
Brian is 1,692 cm tall
a) true
b) false
c) can’t tell
If William is 1,680 cm tall, Kate is 2 cm taller than William, and Brian is 6 cm taller than Kate then the answer must be:
1,680 cm + 2 cm + 6 cm = 1,688 cm.
So the statement that Brian is 1692 cm tall is false.
Notice how simple the mathematics was once we had worked out what to do. This is a good example of numerical reasoning ability or aptitude, rather than just straightforward numerical ability or aptitude. Furthermore, because the information is presented verbally, this is also a reasonable example of what verbal reasoning test items may look like. Power tests are more commonly found in the numerical and verbal domains but can also crop up in the mechanical, abstract and perceptual ability areas.
OTHER TYPES OF TEST
The other two commonest types of test are Work Samples and Job Simulations, although at first glance they do not look as we imagine tests to be.
