The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 08 of 12)

549

J. J. Rein, Japan (Leipsic, 1881-1886), i. 446.

550

H. von Siebold, Ethnologische Studien über die Aino auf der Insel Yesso (Berlin, 1881), p. 26.

551

Miss Isabella L. Bird, Unbeaten Tracks in Japan (new edition, 1885), p. 275.

552

W. Martin Wood, l. c.

553

Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore, p. 471.

554

Miss I. L. Bird, op. cit. p. 269.

555

B. Scheube, Die Ainos, p. 4 (reprinted from Mittheilungen d. deutsch. Gesell. b. S. und S. Ostasiens, Yokohama).

556

B. Scheube, “Baerencultus,” etc., p. 45; W. Joest, in Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, 1882, p. 188.

557

W. Martin Wood, l. c.

558

Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore (London, 1901), pp. 476 sq. As to the inao see below, p. 186, note.

559

Miss I. L. Bird, op. cit. p. 277.

560

B. Scheube, Die Ainos, p. 15; H. von Siebold, op. cit. p. 26; W. Martin Wood, l. c.; J. J. Rein, Japan, i. 447; Von Brandt, “The Ainos and Japanese,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, iii. (1874) p. 134; Miss Bird, op. cit. pp. 275, 276; Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore, pp. 495 sq.

561

B. Scheube, Die Ainos, pp. 15, 16; Von Brandt, l. c.; Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore, pp. 352-354, 504 sq.

562

B. Scheube, Die Ainos, p. 16.

563

Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore, pp. 8-10. E. Reclus (Nouvelle Géographie Universelle, vii. 755) mentions a (Japanese?) legend which attributes the hairiness of the Ainos to the suckling of their first ancestor by a bear. But in the absence of other evidence this is no proof of totemism.

564

B. Scheube, “Der Baerencultus und die Baerenfeste der Ainos,” p. 45; Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore, pp. 483-485. Mr. Batchelor formerly doubted or denied that the Aino women suckle the bear cubs (The Ainu of Japan, p. 173); but since then he has repeatedly seen them do it. Once, while he was preaching, a cub was being passed round among all the young women present and suckled by each in turn.

565

J. J. Rein, Japan (Leipsic, 1881-1886), i. 447.

566

B. Scheube, “Der Baerencultus und die Baerenfeste der Ainos,” p. 45; Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore, pp. 485 sq.

567

Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore, pp. 486-496. The killing of the bear is described somewhat differently by Miss I. L. Bird (Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, New Edition, 1885, pp. 276 sq.), but she did not witness the ceremony. She tells us that at Usu, on Volcano Bay, when the bear is being killed, the Aino shout, “We kill you, O bear! Come back soon into an Aino.” According to Dr. Siebold, a very respectable authority, the bear's own heart is frequently offered to the dead beast to assure him that he is still in life (Ethnologische Studien über die Aino auf der Insel Yesso, p. 26). This, however, is denied by Dr. Scheube, who says that the heart is eaten (“Baerencultus,” p. 50 note). The custom may vary in different places.

568

B. Scheube, “Der Baerencultus und die Baerenfeste der Ainos,” Mittheilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft b. S. und S. Ostasiens (Yokohama), Heft xxii. pp. 46 sqq.

569

B. Scheube, “Baerencultus,” etc., p. 46; id., Die Ainos, p. 15; Miss I. L. Bird, op. cit. pp. 273 sq. As to these whittled wands (inao), which are so conspicuous about the Aino huts, see the Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore, pp. 89-95. He remarks (p. 92): “I have often insisted both in my lectures and also in my writings that the Ainu do not worship their inao, but that they make them as offerings to the deities, and set them up as signs showing reverence towards them. This, I must now remark, is true but in part, for while some of the ordinary or less important kinds are not worshipped, there are several others which are. Those not worshipped may almost always be regarded as offerings and charms pure and simple, while those which are worshipped must generally be regarded as messengers sent to the higher deities.” On the whole Mr. Batchelor would describe the inao as fetishes of various degrees of power. See further P. Labbé, Un bagne Russe, l'Isle de Sakhaline (Paris, 1903), pp. 194 sq., who compares the use of these whittled sticks to the use of holy candles among Roman Catholics. In Borneo the search for camphor is attended by many superstitions; among other things, when the searchers have found a tree which promises to yield much camphor “they plant near their hut a stake, whereof the outer surface has been cut into curled shavings and tufts down the sides and at the top” (W. H. Furness, Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters, Philadelphia, 1902, p. 168). According to some ancient authorities, the old Italians worshipped peeled sticks as gods or as the images of gods; however, the statement seems no better than an etymological guess to explain the word delubrum. See Festus, s. v. “Delubrum,” p. 73, ed. C. O. Müller; Servius on Virgil, Aen. ii. 225.

570

“Ieso-Ki, ou description de l'île d'Iesso, avec une notice sur la révolte de Samsay-in, composée par l'interprète Kannemon,” printed in Malte-Brun's Annales des Voyages, xxiv. (Paris, 1814) p. 154.

571

P. Labbé, Un Bagne Russe, l'Isle de Sakhaline (Paris, 1903), pp. 227, 232-258. The Gilyaks of Saghalien similarly keep and sacrifice bears; but the ceremonies are simpler, and they treat the animals with less respect than the Aino. See P. Labbé, op. cit. pp. 261-267.

572

They inhabit the banks of the lower Amoor and the north of Saghalien. See E. G. Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur (London, 1861), p. 389.

573

“Notes on the River Amur and the Adjacent Districts,” translated from the Russian, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, xxviii. (1858) p. 396.

574

Compare the custom of pinching a frog before cutting off his head; see The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 86. In Japan sorceresses bury a dog in the earth, tease him, then cut off his head and put it in a box to be used in magic. See A. Bastian, Die Culturländer des alten Amerika (Berlin, 1878), i. 475 note, who adds “wie im ostindischen Archipelago die Schutzseele gereizt wird.” He probably refers to the Batta Pang-hulu-balang. See H. von Rosenberg, Der Malayische Archipel (Leipsic, 1878), pp. 59 sq.; W. Ködding, “Die Batakschen Götter,” Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift, xii. (1885) pp. 478 sq.; J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane-en Bila-stroomgebied op het eiland Sumatra,” in Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, dl. iii. (1886) Afdeeling, meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 2, p. 306; Van Dijk, in Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxxviii. (1895) pp. 307 sq.

575

W. Joest, in B. Scheube, Die Ainos, p. 17; J. Deniker, “Les Ghiliaks d'après les derniers renseignements,” Revue d'Ethnographie, ii. (1883) pp. 307 sq. (on the authority of Mr. Seeland); Internationales Archiv für Ethnologie, i. (1888) p. 102 (on the authority of Captain Jacobsen); Archiv für Anthropologie, xxvi. (1900) p. 796 (abstract of a Russian work on the Gilyaks by Dr. Seland or Seeland). What exactly is meant by “dancing as bears” (“tanzen beide Geschlechter Reigentänze, wie Bären,” Joest, l. c.) does not appear.

576

L. von Schrenck, Reisen und Forschungen im Amur-lande (St. Petersburg, 1891), iii. 696-731.

577

L. Sternberg, “Die Religion der Giljaken,” Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, viii. (1905) pp. 260-274.

578

E. G. Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur (London, 1861), pp. 379 sq.; T. W. Atkinson, Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower Amoor (London, 1860), pp. 482 sq.

579

E. H. Fraser, “The Fish-skin Tartars,” Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year 1891-1892, New Series, xxvi. 36-39. L. von Schrenck describes a bear-feast which he witnessed in 1855 among the Oltscha (Reisen und Forschungen im Amur-lande, iii. 723-728). The Oltscha are probably the same as the Orotchis.

580

The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 59 sqq.

581

Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore, pp. 492, 493, 495, 496.

582

Op. cit. p. 482. Mr. Batchelor says “totem gods.”

583

Op. cit. pp. 580 sqq.

584

See above, pp. 188 sq.

585

This account of the attitude of the Gilyaks to the bear, and of their reasons for holding the festival, is the one given by Mr. Leo Sternberg. See his articles, “Die Religion der Giljaken,” Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, viii. (1905) pp. 273 sq., 456-458. He speaks of the bear as a minor deity (“Er selbst ist ja eine Gottheit, wenn auch eine kleine”). Mr. Sternberg and Mr. Batchelor, two of the best-informed writers on the subject, agree in denying that the slaughter of the bear at the festival is a sacrifice to the gods. See L. Sternberg, op. cit. p. 457; Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore, p. 482. As to the belief of the Gilyaks in evil spirits, which menace and destroy the life of man, see L. Sternberg, op. cit. pp. 460 sqq.

586

Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore, pp. 410-415.

587

Rev. J. Batchelor, op. cit. pp. 432 sq.

588

Rev. J. Batchelor, op. cit. p. 438.

589

See above, pp. 183, 184, 196.

590

Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore, p. 479.

591

Rev. J. Batchelor, op. cit. pp. 481, 482.

592

L. Sternberg, “Die Religion der Giljaken,” Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, viii. (1905) p. 272.

593

E. F. im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana (London, 1883), p. 350.

594

J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Part i. (Washington, 1900) p. 261.

595

Rev. John Heckewelder, “An Account of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and the neighbouring States,” Transactions of the Historical and Literary Committee of the American Philosophical Society, vol. i. (Philadelphia, 1819) pp. 247 sq.

596

J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, iv. (Leyden, 1901) pp. 157 sq.

597

John Campbell, Travels in South Africa, being a Narrative of a Second Journey in the Interior of that Country (London, 1822), ii. 34.

598

L. Sternberg, “Die Religion der Giljaken,” Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, viii. (1905) p. 248.

599

I. Petroff, Report on the Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska, p. 145.

600

Above, p. 141.

601

A. C. Haddon, “The Ethnography of the Western Tribe of Torres Straits,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xix. (1890) p. 393; id., Head-hunters (London, 1901), p. 133; Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, v. (Cambridge, 1904) p. 166.

602

Miss Alice C. Fletcher, The Import of the Totem, a Study from the Omaha Tribe, p. 6 (paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, August 1897).

603

James Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” p. 356 (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, April 1900).

604

K. von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens (Berlin, 1894), pp. 352 sq., 512. The Chambioa Indians of Central Brazil kept birds of the same species in captivity and used their brilliant feathers to cover enormous head-dresses or masks, some six feet high, which were worn by dancers in certain mystic dances. The masks were guarded in a special hut of each village, and no woman might see them under pain of death. See F. de Castelnau, Expédition dans les parties centrales de l'Amérique du Sud (Paris, 1850-1851), i. 436 sq., 440, 449-451.

605

However, many savages hunt the crocodile for the sake of its flesh, which some of them even regard as a delicacy. See H. von Wissmann, My Second Journey through Equatorial Africa, from the Congo to the Zambesi (London, 1891), p. 298; Ch. Partridge, Cross River Natives (London, 1905), p. 149; A. F. Mocler-Ferryman, Up the Niger (London, 1892), p. 222; Captain G. Burrows, The Land of the Pigmies (London, 1898), p. 247; R. E. Dennett, "Bavili Notes," Folk-lore, xvi. (1905) p. 399; J. Halkin, Quelques Peuplades du district de l'Uelé, I. Les Ababua (Liége, 1907), p. 33; H. Reynolds, “Notes on the Azandé Tribe of the Congo,” Journal of the African Society, No. xi. (April, 1904) p. 242; Brard, “Der Victoria-Nyansa,” Petermann's Mittheilungen, xliii. (1897) p. 78; A. van Gennep, Tabou et Totémisme à Madagascar (Paris, 1904), p. 209; G. Kurze, “Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer,” Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena, xxiii. (1905) p. 30; W. Barbrooke Grubb, An unknown People in an unknown Land (London, 1911), pp. 82 sq.; Census of India, 1901, vol. xxvi., Travancore (Trivandrum, 1903), p. 353; Max Krieger, Neu-Guinea (Berlin, n. d.), p. 163; Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1904), p. 770; W. E. Roth, Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines (Brisbane and London, 1897), p. 94; N. W. Thomas, Natives of Australia (London, 1906), p. 106. In antiquity some of the Egyptians worshipped crocodiles, but others killed and ate them. See Herodotus, ii. 69; Plutarch, Isis et Osiris, 50; Aelian, De natura animalium, x. 21.

606

Rev. J. Perham, “Sea Dyak Religion,” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 10 (Singapore, 1883), p. 221. Compare C. Hupe, “Korte verhandeling over de godsdienst zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië, 1846, dl. iii. 160; S. Müller, Reizen en onderzoekingen in den Indischen Archipel (Amsterdam, 1857), i. 238; M. T. H. Perelaer, Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks (Zalt-Bommel, 1870), p. 7.

607

F. Grabowsky, “Die Theogonie der Dajaken auf Borneo,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, ii. (1892) pp. 119 sq.

608

H. Ling Roth, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo (London, 1896), i. 447 sq. Compare E. H. Gomes, Seventeen years among the Sea Dyaks of Borneo (London, 1911), pp. 56-60. Similarly the Kenyahs, Kayans, and Ibans, three tribes of Sarawak, will not kill crocodiles except in revenge for the death of one of their people. See C. Hose and W. MacDougall, “The Relations between Men and Animals in Sarawak,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxi. (1901) pp. 186, 190, 199, compare ib. pp. 193 sq.

609

J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xxxix. (1890) pp. 75 sq.

610

Nelson Annandale, “Primitive Beliefs and Customs of the Patani Fishermen,” Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology, i. (April, 1903) pp. 76-78.

611

Voyages of Captain James Cook round the World (London, 1809), ii. 316-319.

612

Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911), p. 336.

613

Rev. J. Roscoe, op. cit. pp. 318, 322, 335.

614

Fr. Stuhlmann, Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika (Berlin, 1894), pp. 510 sq.

615

A. Raffenel, Voyage dans l'Afrique occidentale (Paris, 1846), pp. 84 sq.

616

J. Sibree, The Great African Island (London, 1880), p. 269.

617

Father Abinal, “Croyances fabuleuses des Malgaches,” Les Missions Catholiques, xii. (1880) p. 527; A. van Gennep, Tabou et Totémisme à Madagascar (Paris, 1904), pp. 283 sq.

618

W. Ellis, History of Madagascar (London, n. d.), i. 57 sq.

619

W. Marsden, History of Sumatra (London, 1811), p. 292.

620

J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië, xxxix. (1890) pp. 74, 75 sq.

621

H. Ris, “De onderafdeeling Mandailing Oeloe en Pahantan en hare Bevolking,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië, xlvi. (1896) pp. 472 sq.

622

G. G. Batten, Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago (Singapore, 1894), p. 86.

623

Th. Shaw, “On the Inhabitants of the Hills near Rajamahall,” Asiatic Researches, Fourth Edition, iv. (London, 1807) p. 37.

624

Annales de l'Association de la Propagation de la Foi, v. (1831) pp. 363 sq.

625

J. Bricknell, The Natural History of North Carolina (Dublin, 1737), p. 368.

626

W. Bartram, Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, etc. (London, 1792) pp. 258-261.

627

H. R. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United States (Philadelphia, 1853-1856), iii. 273.

628

Rev. John Heckewelder, “An Account of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and the neighbouring States,” Transactions of the Historical and Literary Committee of the American Philosophical Society, i. (Philadelphia, 1819) p. 245.

629

W. Keating, Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River (London, 1825), i. 127.

630

J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Part i. (Washington, 1900) pp. 294-296. Compare id., pp. 456-458; J. Adair, History of the American Indians (London, 1775), pp. 237 sq.

631

Henry, Travels, pp. 176-179, quoted by J. Mooney, op. cit. pp. 457 sq.

632

C. Sapper, “Die Gebräuche und religiösen Anschauungen der Kekchí-Indianer,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, viii. (1895) p. 204.

633

H. Rehse, Kiziba, Land und Leute (Stuttgart, 1910), pp. 130 sq.

634

Fr. Boas, in Eleventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, pp. 9 sq. (separate reprint from the Report of the British Association for 1896).

635

Rev. J. Jetté, “On the Medicine-men of the Ten'a,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, xxxvii. (1907) p. 158.

636

J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Part i. (Washington, 1900) p. 265.

637

T. de Pauly, Description Ethnographique des Peuples de la Russie (St. Petersburg, 1862), Peuples de la Sibérie Orientale, p. 7.

638

Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonaut. ii. 124.

639

“Coutumes étranges des indigènes du Djebel-Nouba,” Les Missions Catholiques, xiv. (1882) p. 458.

640

C. B. Klunzinger, Upper Egypt (London, 1878), pp. 402 sq.

641

Caulin, Historia Coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela Nueva Andalucia, p. 96: “Reusan mucho matar qualquier animal no comestibile que no sea nocibo,” etc. Here reusan appears to be a misprint for recusan.

642

G. W. Steller, Beschreibung von dem Lande Kamtschatka (Frankfort and Leipsic, 1774), pp. 85, 280, 331.

643

Voyages au Nord (Amsterdam, 1727), viii. 41, 416; P. S. Pallas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs (St. Petersburg, 1771-1776), iii. 64; J. G. Georgi, Beschreibung aller Nationen des russischen Reichs (St. Petersburg, 1776), p. 83.

644

A. Erman, Travels in Siberia (London, 1848), ii. 43. For the veneration of the polar bear by the Samoyedes, who nevertheless kill and eat it, see ibid. pp. 54 sq.

645

A. Bastian, Der Mensch in der Geschichte (Leipsic, 1860), iii. 26.

646

W. Jochelson, The Koryak (Leyden and New York, 1908), pp. 88 sq. (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. vi., Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History).

647

Max Buch, Die Wotjäken (Stuttgart, 1882), p. 139.

648

A. Featherman, Social History of the Races of Mankind, Fourth Division, Dravido-Turanians, etc. (London, 1891) p. 422.

649

J. Scheffer, Lapponia (Frankfort, 1673), pp. 233 sq. The Lapps “have still an elaborate ceremony in hunting the bear. They pray and chant to his carcase, and for several days worship before eating it” (E. Rae, The White Sea Peninsula (London, 1881), p. 276).