The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion (Vol. 1 of 2)

790

Lieut. Col. James Low, “On the Laws of Muung Thai or Siam,” in Journal of the Indian Archipelago, i. (Singapore, 1847) p. 339; Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, iii. 98, 314, 526 sq.

791

C. B. Klunzinger, Bilder aus Ober-ägypten, der Wüste und dem Rothen Meere, p. 180 sq.

792

J. W. Boers, “Oud volksgebruik in het Rijk van Jambi,” in Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's Indië, iii. (1840), dl. i. 372 sqq.

793

Panjab Notes and Queries, i. 674.

794

Aeneas Sylvius, Opera (Bâle, 1571), p. 409 sq.; Grimm, Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer, p. 253. According to Grimm (who does not refer to Aeneas Sylvius) the cow and mare stood beside the prince, not the peasant.

795

Lasicius, “De diis Samagitarum caeterorumque Sarmatarum,” in Respublica sive Status Regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae, Livoniae, etc. (Elzevir, 1627), p. 306 sq.; id. edited by W. Mannhardt in Magazin herausgegeben von der Lettisch-Literärischen Gesellschaft, xiv. 91 sq.

796

Macrobius, Saturn. v. 19, 13.

797

See above, p. 172 sqq.

798

Philo of Byblus, quoted by Eusebius, Praepar. Evang. i. 10, 29 sq.

799

2 Kings iii. 27.

800

Porphyry, De abstin. ii. 56.

801

Diodorus, xx. 14.

802

Porphyry, De abstin. ii. 54.

803

Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, ii. 311.

804

Strachey, Historie of travaille into Virginia Britannia (Hakluyt Society), p. 84.

805

J. L. Krapf, Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours during an Eighteen Years' Residence in Eastern Africa, p. 69 sq. Dr. Krapf, who reports the custom at second hand, thinks that the existence of the pillar may be doubted, but that the rest of the story harmonises well enough with African superstition.

806

F. J. Mone, Geschichte des Heidenthums im nördlichen Europa, i. 119.

807

Above, p. 42 sqq.

808

Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias,” in Verhandelingen van het Batav. Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxx. 85; Rosenberg, Der Malayische Archipel, p. 160; Chatelin, “Godsdienst en bijgeloof der Niassers,” in Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvi. 142 sq.; Sundermann, “Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst,” in Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift, xi. 445.

809

Ch. Wilkes, Narrative of the U. S. Exploring Expedition (London, 1845), iv. 453; U. S. Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and Philology, by H. Hale, p. 203.

810

D. G. Brinton, Myths of the New World, p. 270 sq.

811

Servius on Virgil, Aen. iv. 685; Cicero, In Verr. ii. 5, 45; K. F. Hermann, Griech. Privatalterthümer, ed. Blumner, p. 362 note 1.

812

Harland and Wilkinson, Lancashire Folk-lore, p. 7 sq.

813

Fr. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, i. 235 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 320 sq.

814

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, pp. 409-419; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 349 sq.

815

E. Sommer, Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Sachsen und Thüringen, p. 154 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 335 sq.

816

W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 336.

817

Reinsberg – Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 61; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 336 sq.

818

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 263; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 343.

819

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 269 sq.

820

See above, p. 92 sq.

821

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 264 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 353 sq.

822

See pp. 243, 246.

823

See p. 15 sqq.

824

See p. 243.

825

Above, p. 4.

826

Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, iii.2 323 sq.

827

See above, p. 6.

828

Caesar, Bell. Gall. vi. 16; Adam of Bremen, Descript. Insul. Aquil. c. 27; Olaus Magnus, iii. 6; Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 i. 35 sqq.; Mone, Geschichte des nordischen Heidenthums, i. 69, 119, 120, 149, 187 sq.

829

J. G. Bourke, Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona, p. 196 sq.

830

Euripides, Iphig. in Taur. 1458 sqq.

831

Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias,” in Verhandelingen van het Batav. Genootsch. van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxx. 43.

832

J. A. Dubois, Moeurs, Institutions et Cérémonies des Peuples de l'Inde, i. 151 sq.

833

“The Rudhirádhyáyă, or sanguinary chapter,” translated from the Calica Puran by W. C. Blaquiere, in Asiatick Researches, v. 376 (8vo. ed. London, 1807).

834

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 281.

835

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 258 sq.

836

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 645; K. Haupt, Sagenbuch der Lausitz, ii. 58; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 86 sq.; id., Das festliche Jahr, p. 77 sq. The Fourth Sunday in Lent is also known as Mid-Lent, because it falls in the middle of Lent, or as Laetare from the first word of the liturgy for the day. In the Roman Calendar it is the Sunday of the Rose, Domenica rosae.

837

See p. 244.

838

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebraüche aus Schwaben, p. 371.

839

J. Haltrich, Zur Volkskunde der Siebenbürger Sachsen (Wien, 1885), p. 284 sq.

840

Leoprechting, Aus dem Lechrain, p. 162 sqq.; Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 411.

841

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben p. 374; cp. Birlinger, Volksthümlichesaus Schwaben, ii. 55.

842

E. Meier, op. cit. p. 372.

843

E. Meier, op. cit. p. 373.

844

E. Meier, op. cit. pp. 373, 374.

845

A. Kuhn, Sagen, Gebräuche und Märchen aus Westfalen, ii. 130.

846

F. J. Wiedemann, Aus dem inneren und äusseren Leben der Ehsten, p. 353.

847

E. Meier, op. cit. p. 374.

848

H. Pröhle, Harzbilder, p. 54.

849

Aug. Witzschel, Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen, p. 193.

850

Witzschel, op. cit. p. 199.

851

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 642.

852

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 90 sq.

853

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, op. cit. p. 91.

854

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 639 sq.; Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 412.

855

Grimm, op. cit. ii. 644; K. Haupt, Sagenbuch der Lausitz, ii. 55.

856

Grimm, op. cit. ii. 640, 643.

857

Vernalecken, Mythen und Bräuche des Volkes in Oesterreich, p. 294 sq.; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 90.

858

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 640.

859

J. A. E. Köhler, Volksbrauch, Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Ueberlieferungen im Voigtlande, p. 171.

860

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Das festliche Jahr, p. 80.

861

Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 211.

862

Ib. p. 210.

863

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 652; H. Usener, “Italische Mythen,” in Rheinisches Museum, N. F. xxx. (1875) p. 191 sq.

864

G. Pitrè, Spettacoli e feste popolari siciliane (Palermo, 1881), p. 207 sq.

865

Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari, iv. (1885) p. 294 sq.

866

H. Usener, op. cit. p. 193.

867

Vincenzo Dorsa, La tradizione greco-latina negli usi e nelle credenze popolari della Calabria citeriore (Cosenza, 1884), p. 43 sq.

868

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 652; H. Usener, “Italische Mythen,” in Rheinisches Museum, N. F. xxx. 1875, p. 191 sq.

869

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 89 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 156. This custom has been already referred to. See p. 82.

870

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Das festliche Jahr, p. 82; Philo vom Walde, Schlesien in Sage und Brauch (N.D. preface dated 1883), p. 122.

871

Witzschel, Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen, p. 192 sq.

872

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 643 sq.; K. Haupt, Sagenbuch der Lausitz, ii. 54 sq.; Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 412 sq.; Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 211.

873

Grimm, op. cit. ii. 644; K. Haupt, op. cit. ii. 55.

874

E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest, ii. 47-49.

875

This is also the view taken of the custom by Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 419.

876

Vernalecken, Mythen und Bräuche des Volkes in Oesterreich, p. 293 sq.

877

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Das festliche Jahr, p. 82.

878

Philo vom Walde, Schlesien in Sage und Brauch, p. 122.

879

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 640 sq.

880

See above, p. 260.

881

K. Schwenk, Die Mythologie der Slawen, p. 217 sq.

882

Above, p. 263.

883

See above, pp. 83, 263.

884

Above, p. 263, and Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 644; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 87 sq.

885

Above, p. 263.

886

See above, p. 266 sqq.

887

Above, pp. 257, 259, 265; and Grimm, D. M.4 ii. 643.

888

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 88. Sometimes the effigy of Death (without a tree) is carried round by boys who collect gratuities. Grimm, D. M.4 ii. 644.

889

Above, p. 243.

890

Wiedemann, Aus dem inneren und äusseren Leben der Ehsten, p. 353; Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” in Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat, vii. Heft 2, p. 10 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 407 sq.

891

W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 417-421.

892

Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 221.

893

Ralston, op. cit. p. 241.

894

Ralston, op. cit. p. 243 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 414.

895

W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 414 sq.; Ralston, op. cit. p. 244.

896

Ralston, op. cit. p. 245; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 416.

897

W. Mannhardt, l. c.; Ralston, l. c.

898

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 644.

899

J. G. von Hahn, Albanesische Studien, i. 160.

900

Captain R. C. Temple, in Indian Antiquary, xi. (1882) p. 297 sq.

901

See above, p. 94 sqq.

902

Above, p. 70 sqq.

903

Baudissin, Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, i. 299; W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 274.

904

Plutarch, Alcibiades, 18; Zenobius, Centur. i. 49; Theocritus, xv. 132 sq.; Eustathius on Homer, Od. xi. 590.

905

Besides Lucian (cited below) see Jerome, Comment. in Ezechiel. viii. 14, in qua (solemnitate) plangitur quasi mortuus, et postea reviviscens, canitur atque laudatur … interfectionem et resurrectionem Adonidis planctu et gaudio prosequens.

906

Theocritus, xv.

907

W. Mannhardt, op. cit. p. 277.

908

Lucian, De dea Syria, 6. The words ἐς τὸν ἠέρα πέμπουσι imply that the ascension was supposed to take place in the presence, if not before the eyes, of the worshipping crowds.

909

Lucian, op. cit. 8. The discoloration of the river and the sea was observed by Maundrell on 17/27th March 1696/1697. See his “Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem,” in Bohn's Early Travels in Palestine, edited by Thomas Wright, p. 411. Renan observed the discoloration at the beginning of February; Baudissin, Studien, i. 298 (referring to Renan, Mission de Phénicie, p. 283). Milton's lines will occur to most readers.

910

Ovid, Metam. x. 735, compared with Bion i. 66. The latter, however, makes the anemone spring from the tears, as the rose from the blood of Adonis.

911

W. Robertson Smith, “Ctesias and the Semíramis legend,” in English Historical Review, April 1887, following Lagarde.

912

In the Alexandrian ceremony, however, it appears to have been the image of Adonis only which was thrown into the sea.

913

Apollodorus, Biblioth. iii. 14, 4; Schol. on Theocritus, i. 109; Antoninus Liberalis, 34; Tzetzes on Lycophron, 829; Ovid, Metam. x. 489 sqq.; Servius on Virgil, Aen. v. 72, and on Bucol. x. 18; Hyginus, Fab. 58, 164; Fulgentius, iii. 8. The word Myrrha or Smyrna is borrowed from the Phoenician (Liddell and Scott, Greek Lexicon, s. v. σμύρνα). Hence the mother's name, as well as the son's, was taken directly from the Semites.

914

Schol. on Theocritus, iii. 48; Hyginus, Astronom. ii. 7; Lucian, Dialog. deor. xi. 1; Cornutus, De natura deorum, 28, p. 163 sq. ed. Osannus; Apollodorus, iii. 14, 4.

915

Thus, after the autumnal equinox the Egyptians celebrated the “nativity of the sun's walking-sticks,” because, as the sun declined daily in the sky, and his heat and light diminished, he was supposed to need a staff with which to support his steps. Plutarch, Isis et Osiris, 52.

916

Schol. on Theocritus, iii. 48, ὁ Ἄδωνις, ἤγουν ὁ σῖτος ὁ σπειρόμενος, ἒξ μῆνας ἐν τῇ γῇ ποιεῖ ἀπὸ τῆς σπορᾶς, καὶ ἒξ μῆνας ἔχει αὐτὸν ἡ Ἀφροδίτη, τουτέστιν ἡ εὐκρασία τοῦ ἀέρος. καὶ ἐκτότε λαμβάνουσιν αὐτὸν οἱ ἄνθρωποι. Jerome on Ezech. c. viii. 14. Eadem gentilitas hujuscemodi fabulas poetarum, quae habent turpitudinem, interpretatur subtiliter interfectionem et resurrectionem Adonidis planctu et gaudio prosequens: quorum alterum in seminibus, quae moriuntur in terra, alterum in segetibus, quibus mortua semina renascuntur, ostendi putat. Ammianus Marcellinus, xix. 1, 11, in sollemnibus Adonidis sacris, quod simulacrum aliquod esse frugum adultarum religiones mysticae docent. Id. xxii. 9, 15, amato Veneris, ut fabulae fingunt, apri dente ferali deleto, quod in adulto flore sectarum est indicium frugum. Clemens Alexandr. Hom. 6, 11 (quoted by W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 281), λάμβανουσι δὲ καὶ Ἄδωνιν εἰς ὡραίους καρπούς. Etymolog. Magn. Ἄδωνις κύριον; δύναται καὶ ὁ καρπὸς εἶναι ἄδωνις; οἷον ἀδώνειος καρπός, ἀρέσκων. Eusebius, Praepar. Evang. iii. 11, 9, Ἄδωνις τῆς τῶν τελείων καρπῶν ἐκτομῆς σύμβολον.

917

D. Chwolsohn, Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus, ii. 27; id., Ueber Tammûz und die Menschenverehrung bei den alten Babyloniern, p. 38.

918

The comparison is due to Felix Liebrecht (Zur Volkskunde, p. 259).

919

For the authorities see W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 279, note 2, and p. 280, note 2; to which add Diogenianus, i. 14; Plutarch, De sera num. vind. 17. Women only are mentioned as planting the gardens of Adonis by Plutarch, l. c.; Julian, Convivium, p. 329 ed. Spanheim (p. 423 ed. Hertlein); Eustathius on Homer, Od. xi. 590. On the other hand Diogenianus, l. c. says φυτεύοντες ἢ φυτεύουσαι.

920

Plutarch, Alcibiades, 18; id., Nicias, 13. The date of the sailing of the fleet is given by Thucydides, vi. 30, θέρους μεσοῦντος ἤδη.

921

In hot southern countries like Egypt and the Semitic regions of Western Asia, where vegetation depends chiefly or entirely upon irrigation, the purpose of the charm is doubtless to secure a plentiful flow of water in the streams. But as the ultimate object and the charms for securing it are the same in both cases, it has not been thought necessary always to point out the distinction.

922

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

923

W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 214; W. Schmidt, Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens, p. 18 sq.

924

G. A. Heinrich, Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen Siebenbürgens (Hermanstadt, 1880), p. 24; Wsissocki, Sitten und Brauch der Siebenbürger Sachsen (Hamburg, 1888), p. 32.

925

Matthäus Praetorius, Deliciae Prussicae, 55; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 214 sq. note.

926

Praetorius, op. cit., 60; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 215, note.

927

A. H. Sayce, Religion of the ancient Babylonians (Hibbert Lectures, 1887), p. 221 sqq.; W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 275.

928

According to Jerome (on Ezechiel, viii. 14), Thammuz was June; but according to modern scholars the month corresponded rather to July, or to part of June and part of July. Movers, Die Phoenizier, i. 210; Mannhardt, A. W. F. p. 275. My friend, Prof. W. Robertson Smith, informs me that owing to the variations of the local Syrian calendars the month Thammuz fell in different places at different times, from midsummer to autumn, or from June to September.

929

A. H. Sayce, op. cit. p. 238.

930

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 259.

931

Above, p. 67.

932

Antonio Bresciani, Dei costumi dell' isola di Sardegna comparati cogli antichissimi popoli orientali (Rome and Turin, 1866), p. 427 sq.; R. Tennant, Sardinia and its Resources (Rome and London, 1885), p. 187; S. Gabriele, “Usi dei contadini della Sardegna,” Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari, vii. (1888) p. 469 sq. Tennant says that the pots are kept in a dark warm place, and that the children leap across the fire.

933

See ch. i. p. 78 sq.

934

P. 272.

935

L. Lloyd, Peasant Life in Sweden, p. 257.

936

W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 464; Leoprechting, Aus dem Lechrain, p. 183.

937

G. Pitrè, Spettacoli e feste popolari siciliane, p. 296 sq.

938

G. Pitrè, op. cit. p. 302 sq.; Antonio de Nino, Usi Abruzzesi, i. 55 sq.; Gubernatis, Usi Nuziali, p. 39 sq. Cp. Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari, i. 135. At Smyrna a blossom of the agnus castus is used on St. John's Day for a similar purpose, but the mode in which the omens are drawn is somewhat different, Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari, vii. (1888) p. 128 sq.

939

Matthäus Praetorius, Deliciae Prussicae, herausgegeben von Dr. W. Pierson (Berlin, 1871), p. 56.

940

See p. 274 sq.

941

G. Pitrè, Spettacoli e feste popolari siciliane, p. 211. A similar custom is observed at Cosenza in Calabria. Vincenzo Dorsa, La tradizione greco-latina, etc., p. 50. For the Easter ceremonies in the Greek Church, see R. A. Arnold, From the Levant (London, 1868), i. 251 sqq.