The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion (Vol. 1 of 2)

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen, p. 265 sq.; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 422.

329

Monnier, Traditions populaires comparées, p. 304; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 423.

330

Brand, Popular Antiquities, i. 233 sq. Bohn's ed.; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 424.

331

E. Sommer, Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Sachsen und Thüringen, p. 151 sq.; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 431 sq.

332

This custom was told to Mannhardt by a French prisoner in the war of 1870-71, B. K. p. 434.

333

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 434 sq.

334

Ib. p. 435.

335

Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, iii. 613; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 436.

336

Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century, from the MSS. of John Ramsay of Ochtertyre. Edited by Alex. Allardyce (Edinburgh, 1888), ii. 447.

337

Kuhn, Märkische Sagen und Märchen, p. 318 sqq.; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 437.

338

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 438.

339

Monnier, Traditions populaires comparées, p. 283 sq.; Cortet, Fêtes religieuses, p. 162 sq.; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 439 sq.

340

Above, pp. 69 sqq., 85.

341

See especially his Antike Wald- und Feldkulte.

342

Pausanias, ix. 3; Plutarch, ap. Eusebius, Praepar. Evang. iii. 1 sq.

343

Above, p. 76 sq.

344

Above, p. 79.

345

B. K. p. 177.

346

B. K. p. 177 sq.

347

Brand, Popular Antiquities, i. 318, Bohn's ed.; B. K. p. 178.

348

Hone, Every-day Book, ii. 595 sq.; B. K. p. 178.

349

Pausanias, viii. 42.

350

Once upon a time the Wotjaks of Russia, being distressed by a series of bad harvests, ascribed the calamity to the wrath of one of their gods, Keremet, at being unmarried. So they went in procession to the sacred grove, riding on gaily-decked waggons, as they do when they are fetching home a bride. At the sacred grove they feasted all night, and next morning they cut in the grove a square piece of turf which they took home with them. “What they meant by this marriage ceremony,” says the writer who reports it, “it is not easy to imagine. Perhaps, as Bechterew thinks, they meant to marry Keremet to the kindly and fruitful mukyl'c in, the earth-wife, in order that she might influence him for good.” – Max Buch, Die Wotjäken, eine ethnologische Studie (Stuttgart, 1882), p. 137.

351

At Cnossus in Crete, Diodorus, v. 72; at Samos, Lactantius, Instit. i. 17; at Athens, Photius, sv. ἱερὸν γάμον; Etymolog. Magn. sv. ἱερομνήμονες, p. 468. 52.

352

Iliad, xiv. 347 sqq.

353

Demosthenes, Neaer. § 73 sqq. p. 1369 sq.; Hesychius, svv. Διονύσου γάμος and γεραραί; Etymol. Magn. sv. γεραῖραι; Pollux, viii. 108; Aug. Mommsen, Heortologie, p. 357 sqq.; Hermann, Gottesdienstliche Alterthümer,2 § 32. 15, § 58. 11 sqq.

354

Above, p. 7.

355

Above, p. 94.

356

Above, p. 95 sq.

357

Preller, Griech. Mythol.3 i. 559.

358

Hyginus, Astronomica, i. 5.

359

Servius on Virgil, Georg. iii. 332, nam, ut diximus, et omnis quercus Jovi est consecrata, et omnis lucus Dianae.

360

Roscher's Lexikon d. Griech. u. Röm. Mythologie, c. 1005.

361

See above, p. 4. For Diana in this character, see Roscher, op. cit. c. 1007.

362

Roscher, c. 1006 sq.

363

Castren, Finnische Mythologie, p. 97.

364

Mathias Michov, “De Sarmatia Asiana atque Europea,” in Novus Orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum, p. 457.

365

Livy, i. 45; Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. 4.

366

Virgil, Aen. viii. 600 sq., with Servius's note.

367

Castren, op. cit. p. 97 sq.

368

Above, p. 4 sq.

369

Above, p. 66 sq.

370

Above, p. 6.

371

Above, p. 71.

372

Castren, Finnische Mythologie, pp. 92, 95.

373

Historic. Roman. Fragm. ed. Peter, p. 52 (first ed.)

374

Manners and Customs of the Japanese in the Nineteenth Century. From recent Dutch Visitors to Japan, and the German of Dr. Ph. Fr. von Siebold (London, 1841), p. 141 sqq.

375

Kaempfer, “History of Japan,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, vii. 716 sq.

376

Caron, “Account of Japan,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, vii. 613. Compare Varenius, Descriptio regni Japoniae, p. 11, Nunquam attingebant (quemadmodum et hodie id observat) pedes ipsius terram: radiis Solis caput nunquam illustrabatur: in apertum aërem non procedebat, etc.

377

A. Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, i. 287 sq.; cp. id., p. 353 sq.

378

Labat, Relation historique de l'Ethiopie Occidentale, i. 254 sqq.

379

Above, pp. 44, 49.

380

Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. des nations civilisées du Mexique et de l'Amérique-centrale, iii. 29 sq.; Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, ii. 142 sq.

381

Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, i. 355.

382

Dapper, Description de l'Afrique, p. 336.

383

P. 49 sq.

384

Bibl. Hist. i. 70.

385

P. 6.

386

Aulus Gellius, x. 15; Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. 109-112; Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxviii. 146; Servius on Virgil, Aen. i. vv. 179, 448, iv. 518; Macrobius, Saturn. i. 16, 8 sq.; Festus, p. 161 A, ed. Müller. For more details see Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, iii.2 326 sqq.

387

P. 54.

388

P. 48.

389

Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, i. 354 sq.; ii. 9, 11.

390

Manners and Customs of the Japanese, pp. 199 sqq. 355 sqq.

391

Richard, “History of Tonquin,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, ix. 744 sqq.

392

Ellis, Polynesian Researches, iii. 99 sqq. ed. 1836.

393

Gill, Myths and Songs of the South Pacific, p. 293 sqq.

394

Pp. 44, 113.

395

Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vii. 282.

396

Relations des Jesuites, 1634, p. 17; id., 1636, p. 104; id., 1639, p. 43 (Canadian reprint).

397

H. Rink, Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, p. 36.

398

Gill, Myths and Songs of the South Pacific, p. 171.

399

H. Sundermann, “Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst,” in Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift, bd. xi. October 1884, p. 453.

400

B. F. Matthes, Over de Bissoes of heidensche priesters en priesteressen der Boeginezen, p. 24.

401

G. M. Dawson, “On the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands,” in Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for 1878-1879, pp. 123 b, 139 b.

402

Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvölker, vi. 397 sq.

403

Panjab Notes and Queries, ii. No. 665.

404

D'Orbigny, L'Homme Américain, ii. 241; Transact. Ethnol. Soc. of London, iii. 322 sq.; Bastian, Culturländer des alten Amerika, i. 476.

405

B. F. Matthes, Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes, p. 54.

406

Zimmermann, Die Inseln des Indischen und Stillen Meeres, ii. 386 sq.

407

Cp. the Greek ποτάομαι, ἀναπτερόω, etc.

408

G. A. Wilken, “Het animisme bij de volken van den Indischen Archipel,” in De Indische Gids, June 1884, p. 944.

409

Wilken, l. c.

410

B. F. Matthes, Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes, p. 33; id., Over de Bissoes of heidensche priesters en priesteressen der Boeginezen, p. 9 sq.; id., Makassaarsch-Hollandsch Woordenboek, svv. Koêrróe and soemāñgá, pp. 41, 569. Of these two words, the former means the sound made in calling fowls, and the latter means the soul. The expression for the ceremonies described in the text is ápakoêrróe soemāñgá.

411

Shway Yoe, The Burman, his Life and Notions, ii. 100.

412

J. L. Wilson, West Afrika, p. 162 sq. (German translation).

413

J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 267. For detention of sleeper's soul by spirits and consequent illness, see also Mason, quoted in Bastian's Die Völker des östlichen Asien, ii. 387 note.

414

Indian Antiquary, 1878, vii. 273; Bastian, Völkerstämme am Brahmaputra, p. 127. Similar story (lizard form of soul not mentioned) told by Hindus, Panjab Notes and Queries, iii. No. 679.

415

E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest, ii. 27 sq. A similar story is told in Holland, J. W. Wolf, Nederlandsche Sagen, No. 251, p. 344 sq. The stories of Hermotimus and King Gunthram belong to the same class. In the latter the king's soul comes out of his mouth as a small reptile. The soul of Aristeas issued from his mouth in the form of a raven. Pliny, Nat. Hist. vii. § 174; Lucian, Muse. Encom. 7; Paulus, Hist. Langobardorum, iii. 34. In an East Indian story of the same type the sleeper's soul issues from his nose in the form of a cricket. Wilken in De Indische Gids, June 1884, p. 940. In a Swabian story a girl's soul creeps out of her mouth in the form of a white mouse. Birlinger, Volksthümliches aus Schwaben, i. 303.

416

Shway Yoe, The Burman, ii. 103; Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, ii. 389; Blumentritt, “Der Ahnencultus und die religiösen Anschauungen der Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,” in Mittheilungen d. Wiener Geogr. Gesellschaft, 1882, p. 209; Riedel, De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 440; id., “Die Landschaft Dawan oder West-Timor,” in Deutsche Geographische Blätter, x. 280.

417

Panjab Notes and Queries, iii. No. 530.

418

Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 117 sq.

419

Bastian, Die Seele und ihre Erscheinungwesen in der Ethnographie, p. 36.

420

Pantschatantra, Benfey, p. 124 sqq.

421

Katha Sarit Ságara, trans. Tawney, i. 21 sq.

422

E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” in Journal of the American Oriental Society, iv. 311.

423

A. R. M'Mahon, The Karens of the Golden Chersonese, p. 318.

424

F. Mason, “Physical Character of the Karens,” in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1866, pt. ii. p. 28 sq.

425

C. J. S. F. Forbes, British Burma, p. 99 sq.; Shway Yoe, The Burman, ii. 102; Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, ii. 389.

426

Riedel, De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 414.

427

Riedel, op. cit. p. 221 sq.

428

N. Ph. Wilken en J. A. Schwarz, “Het heidendom en de Islam in Bolaang Mongondou,” in Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, 1867, xi. 263 sq.

429

James Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 57 sq.

430

W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs of the South Pacific, p. 171 sq.

431

G. A. Wilken, “Het animisme,” in De Indische Gids, June 1884, p. 937.

432

Landes, “Contes et légendes annamites,” No. 76 in Cochinchine Française, Excursions et Reconnaissances, No. 23, p. 80.

433

Perelaer, Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks, p. 26 sq.

434

Fr. Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien, iii. 13 sq.

435

Van Schmidt, “Aanteekeningen, nopens de zeden, gewoonten en gebruiken, benevens de vooroordeelen en bijgelovigheden der bevolking van de eilanden Saparoea, Haroekoe, Noessa Laut, en van een gedeelte van de zuidkust van Ceram,” in Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's Indie, 1843, dl. ii. 511 sqq.

436

Bastian, Die Seele, p. 36 sq.; J. G. Gmelin, Reise durch Sibirien, ii. 359 sq.

437

P. N. Wilken, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en gewoonten der Alfoeren in de Minahassa,” in Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, 1863, vii. 146 sq. Why the priest, after restoring the soul, tells it to go away again, is not clear.

438

Riedel, “De Minahassa in 1825,” in Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xviii. 523.

439

N. Graafland, De Minahassa, i. 327 sq.

440

G. Turner, Samoa, p. 142 sq.

441

J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane en Bila-stroomgebied op het eiland Sumatra,” in Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, ii. de Serie, dl. iii., Afdeeling: meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 2 (1886), p. 302.

442

Codrington, “Religious Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia,” in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, x. 281.

443

Horatio Hale, U.S. Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and Philology, p. 208 sq. Cp. Wilkes, Narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition (London, 1845), iv. 448 sq.

444

Riedel, De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 77 sq.

445

Ib. p. 356 sq.

446

Riedel, op. cit. p. 376.

447

Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East, i. 189. Sometimes the souls resemble cotton seeds (ib.) Cp. id. i. 183.

448

Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het Eiland Nias,” in Verhandel. van het Batav. Genootsch. van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxx. 116; Rosenberg, Der Malayische Archipel, p. 174.

449

Williams, Fiji and the Fijians, i. 250.

450

Gill, Myths and Songs of the South Pacific, p. 171; id., Life in the Southern Isles, p. 181 sqq.

451

L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, Les Peuplades de la Sénégambie (Paris, 1879), p. 277.

452

W. H. Bentley, Life on the Congo (London, 1887), p. 71.

453

Bastian, Allerlei aus Volks-und Menschenkunde (Berlin, 1888), i. 119.

454

Relations des Jésuites, 1637, p. 50.

455

Riedel, De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 78 sq.

456

E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” in Journal of the American Oriental Society, iv. 307.

457

J. B. McCullagh in The Church Missionary Gleaner, xiv. No. 164 (August 1887), p. 91. The same account is copied from the “North Star” (Sitka, Alaska, December 1888), in Journal of American Folk-lore, ii. 74 sq. Mr. McCullagh's account (which is closely followed in the text) of the latter part of the custom is not quite clear. It would seem that failing to find the soul in the head-doctor's box it occurs to them that he may have swallowed it, as the other doctors were at first supposed to have done. With a view of testing this hypothesis they hold him up by the heels to empty out the soul; and as the water with which his head is washed may possibly contain the missing soul, it is poured on the patient's head to restore the soul to him. We have already seen that the recovered soul is often conveyed into the sick person's head.

458

Riedel, De Topantunuasu of oorspronkelijke volksstammen van Central Selebes (overgedrukt uit de Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, 5e volgr. i.), p. 17; Neumann, “Het Pane en Bila-stroomgebied,” in Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, ii. de Serie, dl. iii., Afdeeling: meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 2 (1886), p. 300 sq.; Priklonski, “Die Jakuten,” in Bastian's Allerlei aus Volks-und Menschenkunde, ii. 218 sq.; Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, ii. 388, iii. 236; id., Völkerstämme am Brahmaputra, p. 23; id., “Hügelstämme Assam's,” in Verhandlungen d. Berlin. Gesell. f. Anthropol. Ethnol. und Urgeschichte, 1881, p. 156; Shway Yoe, The Burman, i. 283 sq., ii. 101 sq.; Sproat, Scenes and Studies of Savage Life, p. 214; Doolittle, Social Life of the Chinese, p. 110 sq. (ed. Paxton Hood); T. Williams, Fiji and the Fijians, i. 242; E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” in Journal of the American Oriental Society, iv. 309 sq.; A. W. Howitt, “On some Australian Beliefs,” in Journ. Anthrop. Instit. xiii. 187 sq.; id., “On Australian Medicine Men,” in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. xvi. 41; E. P. Houghton, “On the Land Dayaks of Upper Sarawak,” in Memoirs of the Anthropological Society of London, iii. 196 sq.; L. Dahle, “Sikidy and Vintana,” in Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Annual, xi. (1887) p. 320 sq.; C. Leemius, De Lapponibus Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita et religione pristina commentatio (Copenhagen, 1767), p. 416 sq. Some time ago my friend Professor W. Robertson Smith suggested to me that the practice of hunting souls, which is denounced in Ezekiel xiii. 17 sqq. must have been akin to those described in the text.

459

Riedel, De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 440.

460

Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, v. 455.

461

Riedel, op. cit. p. 340.

462

Codrington, “Religious Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia,” in Journ. Anthrop. Instit. x. 281.

463

Riedel, op. cit. p. 61.

464

Gill, Myths and Songs of the South Pacific, p. 284 sqq.

465

Bernard Schmidt, Das Volksleben der Neugriechen, pp. 94 sqq., 119 sq.; Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 972; Rochholz, Deutscher Glaube und Brauch, i. 62 sqq.; E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest, i. 331.

466

Schol. on Aristophanes, Ran. 293.

467

[Aristotle] Mirab. Auscult. 145 (157); Geoponica, xv. 1. In the latter passage, for κατάγει ἑαυτήν we must read κ. αὐτόν, an emendation necessitated by the context, and confirmed by the passage of Damīrī quoted and translated by Bochart, Hierozoicon, i. c. 833, “cum ad lunam calcat umbram canis, qui supra tectura est, canis ad eam [scil. hyaenam] decidit, et ea illum devorat.” Cp. W. Robertson Smith, The Religion of the Semites, i. 122.

468

Pausanias, viii. 38, 6; Polybius, xvi. 12, 7; Plutarch, Quaest. Graec. 39.

469

B. Schmidt, Das Volksleben der Neugriechen, p. 196 sq.

470

Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 127.

471

W. Schmidt, Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens, p. 27; E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest, ii. 17 sq.

472

E. H. Mann, Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, p. 94.

473

Williams, Fiji, i. 241.

474

James Chalmers, Pioneering in New Guinea (London, 1887), p. 170.