The American Race

476

Most of the Samucus were gathered at the mission of St. Ignatius. Father Chomé remarks, “Les Zamucos, Cuculados, Tapios et Ugaronos parlent à peu prés la même langue.” Lettres Edifiantes, Tome II., p. 191. See also D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 142.

477

D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 247.

478

Professor E. Teza gives some texts in his Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 40, 41; and Mr. E. Heath has supplied a careful vocabulary of recent date (Kansas City Review, April, 1883).

479

Texts of the Pater, Ave and Credo are given by E. Teza, Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 51.

480

D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 257.

481

Descripcion de las Misiones del Alto Peru, 12mo, Lima, 1771. The only copy of this work which I have seen, and that an imperfect one, is in the Collection Angrand, in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Among the MSS. of this great library is a Confessionario in Itonama, which should be published as perhaps the only text of the language extant. Some remarks on its phonetics may be found in D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 239.

482

According to Father Fernandez there were, in 1726, 30,000 converts under the care of the Moxos Mission, and fifteen different languages were spoken, “qui ne se ressemblent nullement.” Lettres Edifiantes, Tom. II., p. 161.

483

See von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 412. Professor Teza gives the Pater, Ave and Credo in the Mura dialect of Bolivia (Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 43).

484

Pater, an Ave and a Credo. Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 48, 49. The author of the Descripcion, however, distinguishes between the Ocoronos and the Rotoroños, both at the Moxos Mission.

485

See Mithridates, Th. II., s. 577.

486

The Capesacos and Menepes were others. Nicolas del Techo, Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ, Lib. XII., cap. 33.

487

The word chaco, properly chacu, in Kechua is applied to game driven into pens. Lozano says it was used metaphorically in reference to the numerous tribes driven from their homes into the forests (Descrip. Chronograph. del Gran Chaco, p. 1).

488

Del Techo, ubi suprá, Lib. I., cap. 41.

489

Historia de Abiponibus, Vienna, 1784. An English translation, London, 1822.

490

Pedro Lozano, Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 62-65.

491

“C’est à peine s’il en reste aujourd’hui trois ou quatre individus.” D’Orbigny MS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale. This was written about 1834.

492

A. J. Carranza, Expedicion al Chaco Austral, p. 422 (Buenos Aires, 1884). This author gives a useful vocabulary of the Toba, together with a number of familiar phrases.

493

A comparison of their tongue is instituted by Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. II., s. 131. See also Ibid., Bd. I., s. 244.

494

Lozano, Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco, p. 83.

495

Richard Rohde, in Orig. Mitt. Eth. Abth. König. Mus., 1885, s. 13. Von Martius identified the Cadioéos with the Cadigues of the Payaguas, which is open to doubt (Ethnographie, Bd. I., 226).

496

Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 73, 76, 77.

497

Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 510, quoted by M. Lucien Adam.

498

Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Lule y Tonicote (Madrid, 1732).

499

Printed in Gilii, Saggio di Storia Americana, Tom. III., p. 363.

500

Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., pp. 165-173.

501

Pedro Lozano, Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco, pp. 94-97 (Cordoba, 1733).

502

As shown by Adelung, Mithridates, Bd. II., s. 508.

503

S. A. L. Quevede has undertaken to show that the real Lule were the hill tribes of the Anconquija range and their tongue the Cacana (American Anthropologist, 1890, p. 64).

504

Del Techo, Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ, Lib. II., cap. 20.

505

Otto Mesi nel Gran Ciacco (Firenze, 1881).

506

“Nacion la mas vil del Chaco.” Hervas, Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 164.

507

Lozano, Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 75, 76.

508

Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 225-6.

509

Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., pp. 96, 97.

510

Viage del P. F. Pedro Parras desde Aragon á Indias en 1748, MS.

511

Printed in the Revista de la Sociedad Geografica Argentina, 1887, p. 352. I have compared this with the Payagua text given in the Mithridates, Bd. III., 490, but the latter is so obscure that I derived no data for a decision as to the identity of the dialects.

512

L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 116.

513

Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., 226.

514

Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., p. 165.

515

Catalogo de las Lenguas, Tom. I., p. 185.

516

Pedro Lozano, Historia de la Conquista de Paraguay, Tom. I., p. 407 (Ed. Buenos Aires, 1873).

517

D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 83.

518

Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1889, s. 658.

519

Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., p. 107.

520

Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 245, 246. A good vocabulary is supplied by Castelnau, Expédition, Tome V., Appendix.

521

Richard Rohde, in the Orig. Mittheil. der Ethnol. Abtheil d. Mus. zu Berlin, 1885, s. 15.

522

On the ruins of their fortresses and tombs, see Vincente G. Quesada, Estudios Historicos, pp. 45-48 (Buenos Aires, 1864).

523

Nicolas del Techo, Hist. Prov. Paraquariæ, Lib. V., cap. 23.

524

See Von Tschudi, in Verhand. der Berlin. Anthrop. Gesell., 1885, s. 184, sqq. This traveler could find no relics of the tongue in the ancient Calchaqui district, which he visited in 1858. The only languages then were Spanish and Kechua (Reisen, Bd. V., s. 84).

525

Virchow, in Verhand. der Berlin. Anthrop. Gesell., 1884, s. 375.

526

D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Vol. II., p. 11.

527

Barcena’s report is published in the Relaciones Geograficas de Indias, Peru, Tom. II.

528

Dr. Darapsky remarks that the Araucanians first crossed the Andes into the Pampas about 300 years ago (La Lengua Araucana, p. 4, Santiago de Chile, 1888). This is true, but the tribes they found there were members of their own stock.

529

Some have derived these names from the Kechua, aucca, enemy; but I am convinced by the examples of Federico Barbara, Manuel de la Lengua Pampa, p. 6 (Buenos Aires, 1879), that at any rate the same root belongs to the Araucanian.

530

Dr. Martin de Moussy gives an interesting sketch of these people in the Annuaire du Comité d’Archæologie Américaine, 1865, p. 218, sq.

531

The chief source of information on this tribe is Col. Lucio de Mansilla, Una Escursion á los Indios Ranqueles, Vol. II. (Buenos Aires, 1870). The name Ranqueles means “thistle people,” from the abundance of that plant in their country.

532

G. Coleti, Dizionario dell’ America Meridionale, s. v., Cuyo.

533

Valdivia, Arte de la Lengua Chilena. Ed. Lima, 1607.

534

Lt. Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. I., p. 205.

535

Paolo Riccardi, in Memoire della Soc. Ethnograf. di Firenze, 1879, p. 139; also the estimable work of Jose T. Medina, Los Aborijenes de Chile (Santiago, 1882).

536

Bernard Havestadt, Chilidugu, sive Res Chilenses (Westphalia, 1777. Reprint by Julius Platzmann, Leipzig, 1883).

537

Many of these are portrayed in the work of Medina, Los Aborijenes de Chile, above referred to.

538

Nicolas del Techo, Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ, Lib. VI., Cap. IX.

539

The Boroas live on the Tolten river, and have blue eyes, a fair complexion, and aquiline noses. Pablo Treuter, La Provincia de Valdivia y los Araucanos, p. 52, note (Santiago de Chile, 1861). E. Pöppig, Reise in Chili und Peru, Bd. I., s. 463 (Leipzig, 1836).

540

“Mi nombre es Glaura, en fuerte hora nacida,Hija del buen cacique QuilacuraDe la sangre de Frisio esclarecida.”Alonso de Ercilla, La Araucana, Canto XXVIII.

Faulkner and others refer to these as the Cessares (Description of Patagonia, p. 113, Hereford, 1774). There was such a tribe, and it was made the subject of a Utopian sketch, An Account of the Cessares, London, 1764.

541

See Petermann’s Mittheilungen, 1883, s. 404, and compare the same, 1878, s. 465. Dr. Martin elsewhere gives a vocabulary of the Chauques of Chiloe. It is pure Araucanian (Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1877, s. 168).

542

On the stature of the Patagonians, see the very complete study of D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Vol. II., pp. 26-70.

543

Lt. Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” u. s., p. 194, sq.

544

Ramon Lista, Mis Esploraciones y Descubrimientos en Patagonia, p. 116 (Buenos Aires, 1880). This author gives, pp. 125-130, a full vocabulary of the “Choonke” as it is in use to-day.

545

Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 313.

546

Lettres Ed. et Curieuses, Tome II., p. 88; Hervas, Catalogo de las Lenguas, Tom. I., p. 136.

547

See Lucien Adam, Grammaire de la Langue Jagane (Paris, 1885). Dr. Darapsky thinks this tongue reveals a common point of divergence with “los idiomas meso-Andinos.” Boletin del Instituto Geog. Argentino, 1889, p. 287.

548

See Dr. Hyades, in Revue d’Ethnographie, Tome IV., No. VI., and the chapter “L’Ethnographie des Fuégiens,” in L. F. Martial, Mission Scientifique du Cap-Horn, Tome I., Chap. VI. (Paris, 1888). Yakana-cunni means “foot people,” as they did not use horses.

549

Dr. Domenico Lovisato, in Cosmos, 1884, fas. IV.

550

Dr. Johann Seitz, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1886, pp. 267, 268.

551

Domenico Lovisato, ubi suprá.

552

At the Congrès des Américanistes, Paris, 1890.