Грамматика английского языка для ЕГЭ по темам кодификатора. Полный курс с объяснениями, примерами и упражнениями

Does it feel easy or difficult to study new topics? Why?

When does it seem helpful to ask teachers for advice?

What activities are rewarding for you at school?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

It is important to review notes before the test.

It takes me 20 minutes to do exercises.

It seems difficult to understand this rule.

It felt great to finish the project on time.

It is helpful to work in a group.

Exercise 2

b

a

b

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

It is important to review notes and prepare questions before a test. This helps me feel confident.

It usually takes me about 30—40 minutes to do my homework. Planning helps me save time.

It feels difficult to study new topics at first, but practice makes it easier.

It seems helpful to ask teachers for advice when I do not understand a topic. This improves my learning.

It is rewarding to participate in projects and school competitions because I learn new skills.

Memory Tips

Если предложение начинается с It + adjective / verb, проверь, что реальное подлежащее идёт после.

It takes / It is important / It seems – самые частые конструкции для ЕГЭ.

Используй эти конструкции, чтобы писать более плавно и естественно.

The «It Takes Me… to Do Something» Construction

Grammar Focus

Конструкция It takes + person + время + to-infinitive используется для выражения времени, которое требуется на выполнение действия. Она часто встречается в разговорной и письменной речи, а также в заданиях ЕГЭ.

1. Формула

It takes + [person] + [time] + to + [verb]

It takes me 30 minutes to do my homework. – У меня занимает 30 минут, чтобы сделать домашнее задание.

It took them two hours to prepare for the test. – У них ушло два часа на подготовку к тесту.

2. Настоящее, прошедшее и будущее время

Present: It takes me an hour to read this book. – У меня уходит час на прочтение этой книги.

Past: It took her 20 minutes to solve the problem. – У неё ушло 20 минут, чтобы решить задачу.

Future: It will take us a long time to finish the project. – Нам потребуется много времени, чтобы закончить проект.

3. Отрицательная форма

Чтобы сделать предложение отрицательным, добавляется not перед глаголом take:

It does not take me long to clean my room. – У меня не занимает много времени уборка комнаты.

Usage Tips

Конструкция It takes… to do something всегда указывает на длительность действия.

Используйте правильное время (takes / took / will take) в зависимости от ситуации.

Эта конструкция полезна для описания распорядка, учебных процессов и повседневной деятельности.

Story

Every morning, Maria follows a strict routine. It takes her 15 minutes to get ready for school, so she always wakes up early. Breakfast is quick, and it takes her 10 minutes to eat it. After that, she goes to the bus stop. It takes her 20 minutes to reach school, depending on traffic.

During the day, Maria studies different subjects. It takes her about 40 minutes to finish homework for each subject, so she has to manage her time carefully. Sometimes she listens to music while working, and it does not take her longer to complete tasks.

On weekends, Maria does household chores. It usually takes her an hour to clean her room, and she enjoys the feeling of tidiness afterward. She also practices sports, and it takes her 30 minutes to run in the park. Maria has learned that planning time for each activity helps her stay organized and reduces stress.

Teachers often remind students that it takes time to learn something new, and consistent practice is the key to success. Maria believes that following this advice makes studying easier and more productive.

Useful Words and Expressions

it takes + person + time – уходит/требуется время

to do homework – делать домашнюю работу

to get ready – собираться

breakfast – завтрак

bus stop – автобусная остановка

depending on – в зависимости от

to finish – закончить

subjects – предметы

to manage time – управлять временем

to listen to music – слушать музыку

household chores – домашние обязанности

to clean the room – убирать комнату

sports – спорт

to run – бегать

consistent practice – регулярная практика

key to success – ключ к успеху

to stay organized – быть организованным

Exercises

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences.

___ me 10 minutes to eat breakfast.

___ her 20 minutes to reach school.

___ them 30 minutes to finish the project.

___ me long to clean my room. (negative)

___ us a long time to prepare for the test.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.

a) It takes me to do homework one hour.

b) It takes me one hour to do homework.

a) It took her 15 minutes to read the text.

b) It took her to read the text 15 minutes.

a) It does not take me long to complete the task.

b) It not take me long to complete the task.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

How long does it take you to get ready in the morning?

How much time do you spend on homework daily?

Does it take you long to prepare for exams? Why?

What daily activity does not take you much time?

How can planning help reduce the time spent on tasks?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

It takes me 10 minutes to eat breakfast.

It takes her 20 minutes to reach school.

It takes them 30 minutes to finish the project.

It does not take me long to clean my room.

It will take us a long time to prepare for the test.

Exercise 2

b

a

a

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

It usually takes me 20 minutes to get ready in the morning. I wake up early to have enough time.

It takes me about two hours to complete homework daily. I try to do it regularly.

Yes, it takes me a long time to prepare for exams because I revise all subjects carefully.

It does not take me long to eat breakfast. I usually finish in 10—15 minutes.

Planning helps reduce time because I know exactly what to do and can work efficiently.

Memory Tips

It takes / It took / It will take – всегда используйте правильное время.

Для отрицательной формы ставьте does not / did not / will not перед take.

Используйте эту конструкцию для описания длительности действий в повседневной жизни и учебе.

Sentences with «There + to be»

Grammar Focus

В английском языке конструкция There + to be используется для указания на существование чего-либо или для описания наличия предметов, людей, событий. Она помогает сделать предложение более естественным и информативным.

1. Формула

There + is / are / was / were + noun (+ additional information)

There is a book on the table. – На столе есть книга.

There are many students in the classroom. – В классе много учеников.

There was a test yesterday. – Вчера был тест.

There were three chairs in the room. – В комнате было три стула.

2. Вопросительная форма

Чтобы задать вопрос, поменяйте местами to be и there:

Is there a computer in the room? – Есть ли компьютер в комнате?

Were there many people at the event? – Было ли много людей на мероприятии?

3. Отрицательная форма

There is not (isn’t) a pen on the desk. – На столе нет ручки.

There were not (weren’t) any mistakes in the test. – В тесте не было ошибок.

Usage Tips

There + to be чаще используется для описания наличия или отсутствия чего-либо.

В прошедшем времени используйте was / were, а в будущем – will be.

Конструкция помогает плавно вводить новые предметы, людей или события в разговоре или тексте.

На ЕГЭ важно правильно согласовывать число существительного с формой глагола to be.

Story

Last Monday, our class went on a school trip. There were many students in the classroom, excited to go. There was a lot of preparation before the trip, and the teachers made sure everything was ready. At the bus station, there was a big bus waiting for us, and it was comfortable for all the students.

During the trip, there were beautiful views of the mountains and the river, which everyone enjoyed. Some students noticed that there were interesting animals in the park, and they took many photos. By the end of the day, there were happy and tired students returning to school, satisfied with the trip.

Teachers reminded the students that there is always something to learn from excursions, not just from lessons. Maria thought that there was a lot of fun and knowledge combined in one day, and she hoped to go on another trip soon.

Useful Words and Expressions

there is / there are – есть / существуют

there was / there were – был / были

there isn’t / there aren’t – нет

there wasn’t / there weren’t – не было

school trip – школьная поездка

classroom – класс

preparation – подготовка

bus station – автобусная станция

bus – автобус

comfortable – удобный

beautiful views – красивые виды

mountains – горы

river – река

animals – животные

excursion – экскурсия

happy – довольный

satisfied – удовлетворённый

Exercises

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences.

___ a library in our school.

___ many students in the playground yesterday.

___ not any chairs in the classroom.

___ a lot of fun during the school trip.

___ a teacher waiting for the students at the bus station.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.

a) There is many books on the table.

b) There are many books on the table.

a) Was there a test yesterday?

b) Were there a test yesterday?

a) There weren’t any mistakes in the exercise.

b) There wasn’t any mistakes in the exercise.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

Is there a library at your school?

Were there many students in your class yesterday?

Was there a test last week?

What interesting things are there in your classroom?

Were there any exciting events at school recently?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

There is a library in our school.

There were many students in the playground yesterday.

There aren’t any chairs in the classroom.

There was a lot of fun during the school trip.

There was a teacher waiting for the students at the bus station.

Exercise 2

b

a

a

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

Yes, there is a library at my school. It has many books and computers.

Yes, there were many students in my class yesterday because we had a special lesson.

Yes, there was a test last week in mathematics. It was quite difficult.

In my classroom, there are many posters, a whiteboard, and a computer.

Yes, there were exciting events at school last month, including a sports competition and a music concert.

Memory Tips

There + to be = указывает на наличие или отсутствие.

Не забудьте согласовывать число существительного с is / are / was / were.

Для отрицания используйте not: isn’t / aren’t / wasn’t / weren’t.

Sentences with Linking Verbs (to be, to look, to seem, to feel)

Grammar Focus

Глаголы-связки (linking verbs) соединяют подлежащее с сказуемым-имя прилагательное или существительное, описывая состояние, внешний вид, ощущения или качество. Основные глаголы-связки: to be, to look, to seem, to feel.

1. To be

Используется для выражения состояния или характеристики:

She is happy. – Она счастлива.

The lesson is interesting. – Урок интересный.

2. To look

Используется для описания внешнего вида или визуального впечатления:

He looks tired. – Он выглядит уставшим.

The room looks clean. – Комната выглядит чистой.

3. To seem

Используется для выражения впечатления или предположения:

It seems difficult. – Кажется, это сложно.

She seems friendly. – Кажется, она дружелюбная.

4. To feel

Используется для описания внутренних ощущений или эмоций:

I feel cold. – Мне холодно.

He feels excited about the trip. – Он чувствует волнение перед поездкой.

Usage Tips

После глаголов-связок обычно стоит прилагательное, существительное или причастие, а не глагол в полной форме.

Look и seem часто используются для субъективных оценок.

Feel описывает ощущения субъективно, от первого лица чаще всего.

В ЕГЭ важно различать: I am happy ≠ I look happy (первое – внутреннее состояние, второе – внешний вид).

Story

Yesterday, Anna woke up early because she had an important test. She felt nervous, but at the same time excited. After breakfast, she looked at herself in the mirror. She looked ready for the challenge, with a confident smile.

At school, the classroom seemed quiet and calm. Some students were reviewing their notes, and some were chatting softly. Anna thought that the teacher seemed friendly, which helped her relax a little. During the test, she noticed that her classmates looked focused and concentrated.

After finishing the test, Anna felt proud of her efforts. She realized that learning new things is interesting and rewarding, even if it sometimes seems difficult. On the way home, she looked at the trees and flowers outside. Everything looked beautiful, and she felt happy to have a productive day.

Useful Words and Expressions

to be – быть

happy – счастливый

excited – взволнованный, радостный

nervous – нервный

to look – выглядеть

ready – готовый

confident – уверенный

challenge – вызов

to seem – казаться

quiet – тихий

calm – спокойный

friendly – дружелюбный

focused – сосредоточенный

concentrated – сосредоточенный

proud – гордый

efforts – усилия

rewarding – полезный, приносящий удовлетворение

beautiful – красивый

Exercises

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the correct linking verb.

She ___ tired after the long day.

The task ___ difficult for most students.

He ___ excited about the trip tomorrow.

The classroom ___ quiet and clean.

I ___ happy with my results.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence.

a) She looks happy today.

b) She looks to be happy today.

a) The lesson seems interesting.

b) The lesson seems to interesting.

a) I feel tired after the test.

b) I feel to be tired after the test.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

How do you feel when you have an important test?

How do your friends look when they are happy?

Does the classroom seem calm during lessons?

How do you feel after finishing homework?

Who looks confident in your class and why?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

is

seems

is / feels (depending on context; both correct)

looks

am

Exercise 2

a

a

a

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

I feel nervous before an important test, but I try to stay calm.

My friends look happy when they receive good grades or play games together.

Yes, the classroom seems calm during lessons because students focus on their work.

I feel relieved and satisfied after finishing homework.

Anna looks confident in my class because she prepares carefully and stays organized.

Memory Tips

To be = описание состояния или характеристики.

Look / Seem = внешний вид или впечатление.

Feel = внутренние ощущения.

После linking verbs не ставим полноценный глагол.

Complex Subject

Grammar Focus

Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) используется, когда подлежащее в предложении выражается не просто именем существительным, а целой фразой или инфинитивом, особенно после глаголов seem, appear, be believed, be thought.

1. Формула

[someone/something] + [verb] + to + [verb]

He seems to be tired. – Кажется, он устал.

The problem appears to be difficult. – Проблема кажется сложной.

She is believed to know the answer. – Считается, что она знает ответ.

2. Использование в настоящем и прошедшем времени

Present: He seems to be happy. – Кажется, он счастлив.

Past: He seemed to be happy yesterday. – Кажется, он был счастлив вчера.

3. После глаголов восприятия и предположения

Часто используется с: seem, appear, be believed, be thought, be known, be considered:

The student is thought to be clever. – Считается, что студент умный.

The lesson seems to be interesting. – Кажется, урок интересный.

Usage Tips

После Complex Subject всегда используется to + infinitive.

Чаще встречается в формальной речи, официальных текстах и заданиях ЕГЭ.

Часто используется для выражения мнения, предположения или оценки.

Story

Last week, our school organized a science competition. The event seemed to be very exciting for all students. Everyone prepared their projects carefully. Some students worked in teams, and their projects were believed to be the best by the teachers.

During the competition, the presentations appeared to be interesting, and the judges listened carefully. Anna participated with her project about renewable energy. She was thought to know a lot about the topic, and her explanations were clear.

After the competition, the results were announced. The students who seemed to be confident performed the best. Everyone learned that preparation and practice are important. Teachers said that the event was considered to be successful, and students were proud of their achievements.

Useful Words and Expressions

complex subject – сложное подлежащее

to seem – казаться

to appear – казаться, показываться

to be believed – считается

to be thought – считается, предполагается

event – событие

exciting – захватывающий

project – проект

team – команда

teacher – учитель

presentation – презентация

interesting – интересный

to know a lot – много знать

explanation – объяснение

confident – уверенный

to perform – выступать

successful – успешный