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Phantom Terror: The Threat of Revolution and the Repression of Liberty 1789-1848
Adam Zamoyski
A magnificent and timely examination of an age of fear, subversion, suppression and espionage, Adam Zamoyski explores the attempts of the governments of Europe to police the world in a struggle against obscure forces, seemingly dedicated to the overthrow of civilisation.The French Revolution and the blood-curdling violence it engendered terrified the ruling and propertied classes of Europe. Unable to grasp how such horrors could have come about, many concluded that it was the result of a devilish conspiracy hatched by Freemasons inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment with the aim of overthrowing the entire social order, along with the legal and religious principles it stood on. Others traced it back to the Reformation or the Knights Templar and ascribed even more sinister aims to it.Faced by this apparently occult threat, they resorted to repression on an unprecedented scale, expanding police and spy networks in the process. Napoleon managed to contain the revolutionary elements in France and those parts of Europe he controlled, but while many welcomed this, others saw in him no more than the spawn of the Revolution, propagating its doctrines by other means. After his defeat at Waterloo in 1815, his victors united to maintain the old order, suppress of all opposition, and ferret out of the conspirators whom they believed to be plotting mayhem and murder in the shadows.In this ground-breaking study best-selling historian Adam Zamoyski exposes their pusillanimous yet cynical recourse to the police spy and the bayonet, which only intensified their own fears and pushed ordinary people towards subversion, building up the pressure of opposition to their rule.When it came, with the revolutions of 1848, the dreaded cataclysm revealed their fears to have been groundless; the masses stirred into revolt by hunger and oppressive living conditions were leaderless and easily pacified. There never had been any conspiracy. But the police were there to stay, and the paradigm of an order threatened by dark forces is also still with us today. This compelling history, occasionally chilling and often hilarious, tells how the modern state evolved through the expansion of its organs of control, and holds urgent lessons for today.
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Copyright (#u577e727a-5ab6-5497-adf2-fadb1808a1dc)
William Collins
An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers,
1 London Bridge Street
London SE1 9GF
WilliamCollinsBooks.com (http://www.williamcollinsbooks.com)
First published in Great Britain by William Collins 2014
Copyright © Adam Zamoyski Ltd 2014
Adam Zamoyski asserts the moral right to
be identified as the author of this work
Jacket image:The Massacre of Versailles, October 5, 1789, engraving. French Revolution, France, 18th century (Photo by DeAgostini/Getty Images)
A catalogue record for this book is
available from the British Library
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Source ISBN: 9780007282760
Ebook Edition © October 2014 ISBN: 9780007352203
Version 2015-10-05
Contents
Cover (#u5ad5e7ef-1dc7-5b1a-aab0-8b99d9cdbb5e)
Title Page (#u4e232025-d047-5331-ba55-b7ec125bd395)
Copyright (#ulink_c05c536e-c144-560d-8471-67392c3f8981)
Illustrations (#ulink_78740d19-31d2-569a-959a-4f16131efac9)
Map: Europe in 1789 (#u9e0b3ce9-999e-5db1-977c-3b14bddbb298)
Map: Europe in 1815 (#u959fa32b-2d68-5388-ac03-9c859ec4edac)
Preface (#ulink_5e259889-d02b-5fbf-a0d1-3095867ee7fc)
1 Exorcism (#ulink_49f431bc-f416-526b-8686-22140cc4428a)
2 Fear (#ulink_35a5a361-d939-5a57-b104-02103bc868ed)
3 Contagion (#ulink_14405206-4c62-591b-85f9-4f3e6326a2fb)
4 War on Terror (#ulink_a861949e-0ceb-5e0e-bd4f-a749df7995dc)
5 Government by Alarm (#ulink_f17b307a-9d8d-52d5-8f29-a56296c9430b)
6 Order (#ulink_27fab130-87ff-5f19-9a0f-798f6ab6a624)
7 Peace (#ulink_41e20193-85da-57d6-902e-6aced0c3a9fc)
8 A Hundred Days (#ulink_cfc45e03-51d9-535f-91ae-046c1428aae0)
9 Intelligence (#ulink_839d1c40-dcc7-59e8-8f7c-4ef1bea57d27)
10 British Bogies (#ulink_9bf41974-4055-515e-b23c-8c792f639cb2)
11 Moral Order (#ulink_ea4bbfa8-be6e-5d1e-96e8-3af83167cce8)
12 Mysticism (#ulink_b60ba4ce-f63b-5efa-9fe0-4c793dbfb4b0)
13 Teutomania (#ulink_61ef6457-9554-5801-bc43-389ed7d3c4b1)
14 Suicide Terrorists (#ulink_5e4f583f-6156-569a-b8bd-fd6257179bc5)
15 Corrosion (#ulink_44a2db9b-bd9e-592a-af03-667081f059c8)
16 The Empire of Evil (#ulink_e732454c-68e8-53a9-a59b-ff8b15d32b1f)
17 Synagogues of Satan (#ulink_36c57c94-f524-5bd0-9bdb-f05481a6f69a)
18 Comité Directeur (#ulink_eb0931ef-b4cb-5f9a-9ad1-32b3ecdae752)
19 The Duke of Texas (#ulink_1c5ffa93-49f3-5c04-99df-f765e1e09125)
20 The Apostolate (#ulink_bc2e0a6c-0118-5870-bc59-e02b2a702b39)
21 Mutiny (#ulink_a6b3bb47-15c7-5675-bdc1-805682bfd832)
22 Cleansing (#ulink_05be754b-fce7-5c0d-82e2-49c4a8e70441)
23 Counter-Revolution (#ulink_884ea942-52c2-51fa-b24f-a314d01c537e)
24 Jupiter Tonans (#ulink_5c865d95-5ab4-57d5-80ff-fa3eb7ba3a4e)
25 Scandals (#ulink_a922c9f7-16d0-5981-a107-a151f002f942)
26 Sewers (#ulink_de5cebdd-f040-5632-ac89-4b3cf96b0f4d)
27 The China of Europe (#ulink_ea6ae49b-41cd-5706-91b8-1d6327e78248)
28 A Mistake (#ulink_420e149c-9c76-5538-818b-a102205b6006)
29 Polonism (#ulink_39d10b5a-801b-53d8-9429-5490b4c0a53b)
30 Satan on the Loose (#ulink_2379e00d-0d56-595a-9366-5708ccd82804)
Aftermath (#ulink_5d799573-a23a-5b0b-b3c6-27061f119d5d)
Notes (#ulink_c52592bd-f2cd-5402-b812-7207611e2311)
Picture Section (#u8e268cb3-da2a-598f-aeef-986c70aefa25)
Sources (#ulink_ec30aaf7-a2b3-5c19-bde5-642f5de4185a)
Index (#ulink_3300c38b-e39b-5046-ae60-4407823e8741)
By the Same Author (#ulink_9802e46e-81d0-5716-a9a0-0f1865d42bf8)
About the Publisher (#ufee6e31a-a796-5a3a-ab21-4179f597cafe)
Illustrations (#u577e727a-5ab6-5497-adf2-fadb1808a1dc)
Philosophy Run Mad, or a Stupendous Monument of Human Wisdom, by Thomas Rowlandson, 1792. (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
Tsar Alexander I. Portrait by George Dawe. (© English Heritage Photo Library/Bridgeman Images)
The Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Portrait by Johann Baptist Edler von Lampi, 1816. (© DHM/Bridgeman Images)
William Pitt the Younger. Portrait by John Hoppner. (Rafael Valls Gallery London/Bridgeman Images)
An explosion in the rue Saint-Nicaise in Paris on 24 December 1800, the work of French royalists and Pitt’s agents bent on assassinating Napoleon. (The Art Archive/Alamy)
Joseph Fouché, the prototype of the modern secret policeman. Engraving by Philippe Velyn, c.1810. (akg-images)
The murder of August von Kotzebue at Mannheim on 23 March 1819. (akg-images)
The Wartburg Festival, held on 18 October 1817 to celebrate the tercentenary of the Reformation and the fourth anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig. Woodcut c.1880. (akg-images)
Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, chancellor of Austria. Portrait by Josef Danhauser. (© DHM/Bridgeman Images)
Two Men Contemplating the Moon (detail), by Caspar David Friedrich, 1819. The painting exercised the Prussian police, as the two men are wearing the banned ‘Old German’ costume and might be plotting. (Fine Art/Alamy)
The Radical’s Arms by George Cruikshank, published 13 November 1819 by George Humphrey. (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
Drawing of an ‘anti-cavalry machine’. (The National Archives, Kew. TS II/200)
The Duke of Wellington, arch-reactionary and apologist for the ‘Peterloo Massacre’. Attributed to Thomas Lawrence. (Huntington Library/Superstock)
The Peterloo Massacre, 16 August 1819. By George Cruikshank, published 1 October 1819 by Richard Carlile. (Manchester Art Gallery/Bridgeman Images)
Radical Parliament!! 1820. By George Cruikshank, c.1820. (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
The murder of the duc de Berry on 13 February 1820. By Louis Louvel. (RA/Lebrecht Music & Arts)
A document purporting to be a copy of the hieroglyphs used by a secret society. (Documents from Archives nationales, Paris, F/7 Police Générale 6684, Sociétés secrètes, Dossier 4)
A meeting of the Carbonari, as imagined by a contemporary illustrator. (Private Collection/Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Images)
A drawing supplied to the French police by an informer, supposedly of daggers being forged by French and Italian secret societies for the murder of European monarchs. (Documents from Archives nationales, Paris, F/7 Police Générale 6684, Sociétés secrètes, Dossier 4)
General Alexei Arakcheev, by an anonymous artist, 1830s. (© Fine Art Images/AGE Fotostock)
Russian political prisoners in the dungeons of the Schlusselburg fortress. (Everett Collection Historical/Alamy)
The Peter and Paul fortress in St Petersburg. (RIA Novosti)
Count Alexander von Benckendorff, head of the notorious Third Section. Portrait by Yegor Bottman. (Fine Art Images/AGE Fotostock)
Tsar Nicholas I. Portrait by Vassily Tropinin, 1826. (© Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy)
Russian troops parade following the suppression of the Polish insurrection of 1830. Painting by Nikanor Grigorievich, 1837. (akg-images)
The remains of the ‘machine infernale’ used by Giuseppe Fieschi in his attempt to murder King Louis-Philippe. (Roger-Viollet/REX)
Infortunées victimes du 27, 28 et 29 Juillet 1830, by Grandville. (Bibliothèque nationale de France)
The folkloric and nationalist jamboree held at the castle of Hambach in May 1832. After a drawing by F. Massler. (akg-images)
Bombarding the Barricades, or the Storming of Apsley House, published February 1832 by J. Bell. (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
Barrikade in der Burggasse zu Altenburg am 18 Juni 1848. (akg-images)
Political prisoners at Trier following the suppression of the local revolt in 1848. By Johann Velten, 1849. (akg-images/De Agostini Picture Lib./A. Dagli Orti)
Patrol of the Vienna National Guard on 14 March 1848. (akg-images)
The Great Water Snake as it Appeared to Many in 1848. Published 30 December 1848. (akg-images)
General Survey of Europe in August 1849, by Ferdinand Schroeder, 1849. (akg-images)
