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the Japanese, the English, the Dutch
TheancientChinesefirst invented paper.
The Welshtry to preserve their language and culture.
3) A number of substantivized adjectives even take the plural ending – s, which let them pass into the category of nouns.
the marines, the moderns, the nobles, the regulars, the Russians
The Conservativesare leading in the polls.
If you want to see the true measure of a man, watch how he treats hisinferiors,not hisequals.
4) substantivized adjectives indicate abstract notions. such adjectives agree with a singular verb.
the future, the past, the present, the plural, the singular, the unknown, the unreal, the variable, the visible
The obviousis fabulous, butthe fabulousis obvious.
You should usethe Future Simplein this sentence.
RULE 11. Syntactic Functions of Adjectives
Syntactic Functions of Adjectives
1. Attribute
We liked thatwarmmeeting.
I hear somepleasantmusic.
Note
There is a particular order for adjectives to describe a noun.
Opinion – Size – Shape – Colour – Pattern – Age
– Origin – Material – Purpose + Noun
a clever young British professor
two nice tiny round black old metal musical boxes
that beautiful swift white new sailing boat
2. Predicate
The meeting waswarm.
Your mother lookssad.
I feelgoodabout the offer.
A predicate adjective follows a linking verb (to be, to seem, to appear, to look, to taste, to smell, to feel, to sound), but it refers to the subject of the sentence.
3. Subject and Object (Substantivized adjectives)
The unemployeddemanded concrete programs of public works.
The youngshould help the old.
RULE 12. Cardinal and Ordinal Numerals
RULE 13. Fractional Numerals. Operations with Numerals
Fractional Numerals
Common fraction
The numerator is a cardinal number; the denominator is an ordinal number.
1/2 – one (a) half
1/3 – one (a) third
1/4 – one (a) quarter
1/5 – one (a) fifth
1/6 – one (a) sixth
If the numenator is more than one, then the denominator is used in plural.
2/3 – two thirds
3/4 – three quarters
5/6 – five sixths
Decimal fraction
Each digit is pronounced separately.
25. 105 – two five point one nought five
0.746 – nought point seven four six
Operations with Numerals
1. Addition
1+2=3 – one plus two is (equals) three; 1, 2 – the addends, 3 – the sum
2. Subtraction
3–2=1 – three minus two is (makes) one; 3 – the minuend, 2 – the subtrahend, 1 – the difference
3. Multiplication
3*2=6 – three multiplied by two/twice three is six; 3 – the multiplicand, 2 – the multiplier, 6 – the product
4. Division
6:2=3 – six divided by two is three; 6 – the dividend, 2 – the divisor, 3 – the quotient
RULE 14. Numerals for Time Expressions
RULE 15. Syntactical Functions of Numerals
Syntactical Functions of Numerals
1. Attribute
Do you know thesevenwonders? This is Andrew'sthirdtrip abroad.
2. Subject
Four of themdidn't join us.
2004, 2008and2012are leap years.
3. Predicative
They werethe first.
It'sfiveo'clock.
4. Object
How many apples has he eaten? He's eatenthree.
Show me thosetwo,please.
RULE 16. Personal Pronouns
RULE 17. Possessive Pronouns
RULE 18. Absolute Form of Possessive Pronouns
RULE 19. Reflexive Pronouns
RULE 20. Intensive Pronouns
Note
Intensive pronouns do not substitute nouns, but intensify their meaning.
You must make that choiceyourself.
Andrew repaired the bikehimself.
We want to go thereourselves.
RULE 21. Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns point to a certain object or person that can be either near or far in distance or time.
Note
1) Attribute
Thissituation is incredible.
We metthatman on the station.
Would you quit your job underthesecircumstances?
Thoseshoes were so cute!
Thatgirl hassuch avoice!
Suchrules usually take effect.
They work atthe samedepartment.
Why are you asking metheverysamequestions?
It's possible to use demonstrative pronouns before the word one.
These apples are sweeter thanthose ones.
Andrew is an intelligent young man. Yes, he issuch one.
That'sthe same oneI've been looking for!
The demostrative pronoun may be positioned before the adjective that refers to the same noun.
