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T?rki halyqtary men tilderi
Андрей Тихомиров
T?rki halyqtary Altai ta?lary aima?ynda ken kenistikte qalyptasady jаne mon?ol, t?ng?s-manchj?r jаne tibet-qytai halyqtarynyn basqa tildik toptarymen оzara аrekettesedi. T?rki tilderi men halyqtarynyn – olardyn sоile?shilerinin dam? prosesinde dialektiler men tilder paida boldy, olar bir ja?ynan uqsastyqtarmen – olardyn shy?? teginin birliginin saldary retinde, al ekinshi ja?ynan – ortaq t?rki tilinin ydyra?ymen t?sindiriletin aiyrmashylyqtarmen-aldymen dialektilerge, sodan keiin jeke tilder men Tilder toptaryna negizdeldi.
Андрей Тихомиров
T?rki halyqtary men tilderi
T?rki tilderi men halyqtarynyn – olardyn sоile?shilerinin dam? prosesinde dialektiler men tilder paida boldy, olar bir ja?ynan uqsastyqtarmen – olardyn shy?? teginin birliginin saldary retinde, al ekinshi ja?ynan – ortaq t?rki tilinin ydyra?ymen t?sindiriletin aiyrmashylyqtarmen-aldymen dialektilerge, sodan keiin jeke tilder men Tilder toptaryna negizdeldi. T?rki halyqtary Altai ta?lary aima?ynda ken kenistikte qalyptasady jаne mon?ol, t?ng?s-manchj?r jаne tibet-qytai halyqtarynyn basqa tildik toptarymen оzara аrekettesedi. "Altai" sоzinin оzi t?rki tilindegi "altyn" – "altyn", mon?ol tilindegi "altyn"sоzinen shyqqan. "Altan tobchi "nemese" Altan tovch "("altyn t?ime "nemese" altyn qoima") – XVII ?asyrda?y mon?ol shejiresi. Altai ejelden polimetaldar, temir r?dasy, synap, sondai-aq altynnyn bai ken oryndarymen tanymal.
Altai t?rikteri аrt?rli taipalar men halyqtardy, sonyn ishinde t?rki emes halyqtardy ba?yndyrdy. Bilik, jazbasha derekkоzder kоrsetkendei, ?lken mal tabyndaryn, tonal?an m?likti jina?an jаne оz shar?ashyly?ynda quldary bar taipalyq dvorаndardyn qolynda sho?yrlan?an. Bul feodaldyq-patriarhaldyq birlestiktin basynda qa?an turdy. Alaida, Altai t?rikteri men olar?a ba?ynyshty halyqtar arasynda taipalyq, negizinen аli de al?ashqy qo?amdyq uiym bolyp qala berdi jаne qazirgi ma?ynada аli de synyptar bol?an joq. Memleket ekonomikanyn dam?y birdei t?ysqan taipalardyn nаzik birlestigi boldy.
Bizdin dа?irimizdin I mynjyldy?ynda?y Altai t?rikterinin tarihy negizinen arheologialyq jаne jazbasha derekkоzderden belgili. Negizgi arheologialyq kоzder-jerle? jаne olardan tabyl?an zattar. Osy ?aqytta adamdy atpen jаne atqa min? ?shin atpen birge jerle? dаst?ri taralady. Ta?ly Altaidyn an?arlarynda tоrtburyshty topyraq shunqyrlary ornalasqan sha?yn tas qor?andar qazyldy. Bul shunqyrlar?a jerlengenderdin artyna sozyl?an. Jerlengen adamnyn qasynda jylqy jerlengen. Keide qabirler betinde tek tas saqinamen belgilenedi. Qorymnyn ortasynda аdette asyl adamnyn qabiri bol?an, al ainalasynda onymen birge jerlengen ja?yngerlerdin nemese quldardyn qabirleri bol?an. Son?ysynyn kedeiligi ortalyq qabirdin baily?yn k?rt kоrsetedi. Sonymen qatar ?lken qor?andar bar. Olarda?y jerle? jabdyqtardyn baily?ymen jаne jerle? rаsiminin k?rdeliligimen erekshelenedi. Qabirge jebeleri bar diril, temir pyshaq, аshekeilengen belbe?ler, kоne t?rki jaz?lary bar k?mis ydystar qoiyldy. Bоlimderdin artynda jylqylardyn qanqalary jatty. Mundai qor?andar Altaida Katanda a?ylynyn janynda, Tuiahtada jаne K?zbassta?y ?r оzeninde ashyldy.
En?i malshylar-qazirgi Iak?tia a?ma?yna iak?ttardyn t?rkitildes ata – babalary Baikaldan B.Z. VI-X ?asyrlardan bastap, Quryqandar angar men Lenada оmir s?rgen kezden bastap uzaq ?aqyt boiy keldi (bul K?r?mchin mаdenieti dep atalady). Alaida, bul jerlerde t?rki halqy da boldy. Temir dа?irinin en kоne qonysy Iak?tskiden tоmen I??ke оzeninen tabyl?an. Iak?tianyn al?ashqy temir dа?irinin erekshe mаdenieti Lenanyn tоmengi a?ysynda?y Olekminsk pen Siktаhtyn ?stindegi Muht?ia a?ylynyn manynda?y eldi mekendermen usynyl?an. Halyq anshylyq pen balyq a?la?men ainalysqan. Iak?t halqy lenada Ont?stik t?rkitildes qonys a?dar?shylardyn jergilikti taipalardy basyp al?y nаtijesinde paida boldy. Iak?ttardyn Ont?stik ata – babalarynyn son?y tolqyny orta zy?yr?a tek XIV-XV ?asyrlarda engen dep boljan?da.keibir jergilikti toptar iak?ttar, mysaly, solt?stik-batysta?y Bu?y оsir?shi iak?ttar, evenkterdin jekelegen toptaryn ortalyq aimaqtardan shyqqan iak?ttarmen aralastyr? nаtijesinde salystyrmaly t?rde jaqynda paida boldy. Iak?ttardyn qo?amdyq оmirinde r?lyq j?ienin kоptegen qaldyqtary qaldy, r?lyq kek saqtaldy. Antropologialyq tur?ydan iak?ttar Ortalyq Azia?a jаne mon?oloidtyq nаsildin Baikal t?rlerine jatady. Iak?ttar tirshilik et? ortasy, mаdeni jаne turmystyq aiyrmashylyqtar boiynsha birqatar jergilikti toptar?a bоlinedi – amgino-Lena, Vil?i, olekmin, verhoian, Solt?stik. Iak?ttardyn ekonomikasy men materialdyq mаdenietinde Ortalyq Azianyn malshylaryna uqsas belgiler basym, biraq solt?stik Taiga elementteri de bar. 20-shy jyldary XVII ?asyr iak?ttar Resei memleketinin quramyna kirdi, bul olardyn аle?mettik-ekonomikalyq jаne mаdeni dam?yn jedeldetti. Sonymen birge iak?t halyqtyq massalary patsha shene?nikteri, sa?dagerler men an terisin satyp al?shylar tarapynan qatygez iasachi ezgisine, оreskel qysym?a ushyrai bastady.
Feodalizmge quldyq j?ie arqyly kelgen elder ?shin (mysaly, Qytai, ?ndistan, Iran ?shin – Aziada, Italia, Fransia, Ispania ?shin – E?ropada) feodaldyq qatynastar?a kоsh? ejelgi ?aqytta quryla basta?an ulttardyn qalyptas?ynda?y jana qadamdy bildirdi. Feodalizmge al?ashqy qa?ymdyq j?ieden tikelei kelgen elder ?shin (mysaly, E?ropada – Germania, Anglia, Skandinavia elderi, Resei, Chehia, Polsha, shy?ysta – keibir t?rki taipalary ?shin), taipalar men taipalyq birlestikterden ulttardyn paida bol? prosesi feodalizmnin dam?ymen birge bastaldy. E?ropa men Aziada?y birqatar taipalyq toptar men birlestikterde (mysaly, mon?ol jаne keibir t?rki taipalarynda) bul prosestin bastal?y salystyrmaly t?rde kesh ?aqytqa, XI—XIII ?asyrlar?a jatady.
