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Nd? Africa
Андрей Тихомиров
?n? ?g?g? nd? bi na k?ntinent Africa d? nn?? iche ma n'as?s? as?s? na mmek?r?ta ak? na ?ba na omenala. Enwere ike kewaa as?s? nd? bi n'Africa gaa n'?gw? nd? a b? isi: 1) Semitic-Hamitic; 2) ?t?t? as?s? d? iche iche na-ebi n'ebe d?p?r? ad?p? site n'ebe ?d?da anyanw? nke Sahara ruo isi mmiri Na?l na mb? nkewa d? ka otu "Sudanese"; ?r? nd? ?k? mm?ta as?s? kacha ?h?r? egosila na as?s? nd? a anagh? egosi ibe ha nso nke ukwuu, ?f?d? n’ime ha d?kwa nso na as?s? Bantu; 3) Bantu na nd?da nke k?ntinent; 4) otu obere Khoi-san na South Africa; 5) nd? bi n'agwaetiti Madagascar, nd? as?s? ha b? nke Malayo-Polynesia; 6) Nd? na-ach? Europe na ?m? ha.
Андрей Тихомиров
Nd? Africa
D? ka otu ns?ghar? si kwuo, okwu ah? b? "Africa" sitere n'aha Berber ebo Afrigia, b? nd? bi n'ebe ugwu nke Afrika Afrika, e nwekwara оgb? Rom nke Africa. Rome hibere mpaghara Afr?ka nke Rome na 146 BC. e. na sa?t? nke Carthaginian steeti, nwere ak?k? ugwu ?d?da anyanw? nke Tunisia nke oge a. N'oge oge nke Alaeze Ukwu, Africa b? nke nd? omeiwu na-ach? ma na-ach? ach?. A na-eji oge a na-ach? Alaeze Ukwu site na ?ganihu nke usoro obodo. Obodo nwetara ikike nke obodo na obodo. Nd? na-ach?kar? n'obodo nd? ah? b? nd? Rom na-ach? na nd? Romanized nke nd? obodo. Na omenala, n'oge Alaeze Ukwu, оgb? Africa r?r? nnukwu ?r?. Ot? ? d?, nd? bi n’ime ime obodo n?gidere na-adabagh? n’as?s? Lat?n na omenala nd? Rom. Na nar? af? nke 4-5. ? gh?r? оgb? nke nnukwu ?gba aghara nke nd? ohu na ogidi, b?? nke mere ka Alaeze Ukwu Rom daa mb? nke ukwuu ma mee ka ? daa. Na 5th c. Vandals biri na Africa. Na nke 6 c. eze ukwu Byzantium b? Justinian jisiri ike weghachi ebe d? n'?s? okе osimiri, ma ike nke Byzantium ad?gh? ike. Na nar? af? nke asaa Nd? Arab meriri оgb? Africa.
Na North Africa, laa az? na nar? af? nke mb? BC. e. e nwere ?t?t? steeti n??r? onwe ha: Carthage, nke nd? si Fonishia kwabatara, b? nd? na-as? as?s? Semitic d? nso na Hibru, Mauritania na Numidia, nke nd? Libya kere. Mgbe nd? Rom meriri Carthage na 146 BC. e. steeti nd? a, mgbe mgba isi ike gas?r?, gh?r? ihe onwunwe nd? Rom. Nar? af? ole na ole tupu oge ?h?r?, mmepe nke otu klas malitere na mpaghara Etiopia nke oge a. Otu n'ime steeti nd? mepere ebe a – Aksum – ruru elu ya na nar? af? nke an? BC. n. e., mgbe ihe onwunwe ya d? n'ebe ?d?da anyanw? rutere obodo Meroe na ndagwurugwu Na?l, na n'ebe ?w?wa anyanw? – "Arebia obi ?t?" (Yemen nke oge a). Na nar? af? nke ab?? na. e. steeti siri ike etolitela na Western Sudan (Ghana, Mali, Songhai na Bornu); ka e mes?r?, e guzobere steeti n'?s? okе osimiri Guinea (Ashanti, Dahomey, Kongo, wdg), ?d?da anyanw? nke ?d? Chad (steeti nd? Hausa) na n'?t?t? ebe nd? ?z? nke ala Africa.
As?s? nd? bi na Tropical Africa, nd? bi na nd?da ezin?l? Semitic-Hamitic, na-ejik?takar? ugbu a n'ezin?l? ab??: Niger (Congo) -Kordofan na Nilo-Saharan. Otu Niger-Kordofanian g?nyere Niger-Congo otu – nke kachas? ?n? na otu d? n'otu: West Atlantic, Mande, Volts, Kwa, Benue-Congo na Adamawa-Eastern. Nd? d? n'Ebe ?d?da Anyanw? Atlantic g?nyere nnukwu nd? Fulbe bi n'otu d? iche iche na ihe f?r? nke nta ka ? b?r? mba nile nke Western na Central Sudan, Wolof na Serep (Senegal), na nd? ?z?. elu ugwu nke osimiri Senegal na Niger (Guinea, Mali, wdg). ), nd? Volta (moy, loby, bobo, Senufo, wdg) – na Burkina Faso, Ghana na obodo nd? ?z?. Nd? Kwa na-ag?nye nnukwu nd? bi n'?s? okе osimiri Guinea d? ka Yoruba na Ibo (Nigeria), Akan (Ghana) na Ewe (Benin na Togo); Nd? bi n’ebe nd?da, a na-akp?kwa ha nd? Dahomean mgbe ?f?d?; Nd? na-as? as?s? (ma ? b? olumba) nke Kru n? n'?n?d? d?p?r? ad?p?. Nd? a b? Bakwe, Grebo, Krahn na nd? ?z? bi na Liberia na Ivory Coast (Ivory Coast). ?t?t? nd? mmad? hibere otu obere Benue-Congo, nd? akp?r? na mb? sitere na ezin?l? Bantu p?r? iche na otu Eastern Bantu. Nd? Bantu, ezigbo otu n'okwu as?s? na omenala, bi na mba Central na ak?k? ?w?wa anyanw? na South Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo (nke b?bu Zaire), Angola, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, wdg). Nd? ?k? mm?ta as?s? kewara Bantu n'ime otu iri na ise: 1st – duala, lupdu, fang, wdg; 2nd -teke, mgbo, kele; 3rd – bangi, pgala, mongo, tetelya; 4th – Rwanda, rundi; 5th – ganda, luhya, kikuyu, kamba; 6th-nyamwezi, nyatura; 7th – Swahili, togo, hehe; 8th – Kongo, ambundu; 9th-chokwe, luena; 10-luba; 11-bemba, fipa, tonga; 12th – Malawi 13 – Yao, Makonde, Makua; 14th – ovimbundu, ambo, herero; 15th – Shona, Suto, Zulu, Spit, Swazi, wdg.
Otu nd? Pygmies nke Congo Basin na-as?kwa as?s? Bantu (Efe, Basu A, Bambuti, wdg), nd? a na-ah?kar? d? ka nd? d? iche iche. N'etiti nd? ?w?wa anyanw? na Central Bantus, as?s? Swahili, nke nwere mmet?ta p?tara ?h? nke Arabic, agh?wo ebe niile n'ime iri af? nd? na-ad?begh? anya, ?n? ?g?g? nd? na-as? ya b? nde 60 (nd? Swahili d? nde 1.9). Nd? adamaua, otu n'ak?k? ?w?wa anyanw?, g?nyere Azande, Cham-Ba, Banda, na nd? ?z? bi na Central na Eastern Sudan.
Otu Kordofan, d? ntak?r? na ?n? ?g?g? na оk?ala, g?nyere nd? Koalib, Tumtum, Tegali, Talodi na Katla (Republic of Sudan).
Ezin?l? Nilo-Saharan b? nd? otu d? iche iche n?chiri anya ya: Songhai, Sahara, Shari-Nile, yana nd? mmad? ab?? d? iche iche na as?s? Maba na For (Fur). Songhai g?nyere Songhai kwes?r? ekwes?, yana Djerma na Dandy, nd? bi n'ikpere mmiri nke etiti etiti Niger; na otu Saharan – kanuri, tuba (tibbu) na zagava, bi n'ak?k? ?d? mmiri Chad na Central Sahara. Otu Shari-Nil kachas? d? mkpa n'ezin?l? a g?nyere nd? Sudan nke d? n'Ebe ?w?wa Anyanw? (Dinka, Puer, Luo, Bari, Lotuko, Masai, Nuba, ma ? b? Nubians, wdg), b? nd? e tinyere na mb? na ezin?l? Nilotic nwere onwe ha; Nd? Central Sudanese (Bagirmi, Morumadi), Berta na nd? Kunama. Nd? otu a bi n’ebe ugwu Zaire na n’ebe nd?da Sudan. As?s? Morumadi b? nd? ebo Pygmy (Efe, Basua, wdg).
