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Delicate, climbing annual of woodland and scrub, mainly on acid soils. FLOWERS Creamy white, 5–6mm long; in clusters (June–Sep). FRUITS 2-to 3-seeded capsules. LEAVES Much divided, ending in tendrils that assist climbing. STATUS Widespread and common in W Britain but rare in Ireland.
Yellow Corydalis
Yellow Corydalis Pseudofumaria lutea (Fumariaceae)
HEIGHT to 30cm
Tufted, hairless perennial found on rocky ground and old walls. FLOWERS 12–18mm long, bright yellow, 2-lipped; in clusters opposite the upper leaves (May–Sep). FRUITS Capsules. LEAVES 2 to 3 times pinnately divided; greyish green. STATUS Naturalised as a garden escape.
Common Poppy
Common Poppy
Fruit
Common Poppy Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae) HEIGHT to 60cm
Annual of arable land and disturbed ground. FLOWERS6–8cm across with 4 papery, overlapping scarlet petals (often dark at the base); on slender stalks with spreading hairs (June–Aug). FRUITSOvoid, flat-topped capsules. LEAVES Much divided into narrow segments. STATUS Widespread, commonest in S and E England; scarce in the north and west.
Long-headed Poppy
Fruit
Long-headed Poppy Papaver dubium (Papaveraceae) HEIGHT to 60cm
Annual of arable land and disturbed ground. FLOWERS 3–7cm across with 4 papery, orange-red overlapping petals with no dark basal blotch; on stalks with appressed hairs (June–Aug). FRUITSNarrow, elongated, hairless capsules. LEAVES Much divided into narrow segments. STATUS Widespread and fairly common, including the north.
Rough Poppy
Rough Poppy
Fruit
Rough Poppy Papaver hybridum (Papaveraceae)
HEIGHT to 40cm
Hairy annual of arable fields, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS 2–5cm across with 4 crimson, overlapping petals with dark-blotched bases; on hairy stalks (June–Aug). FRUITSOvoid to spherical with spreading, yellowish hairs. LEAVES Much divided and bristle-tipped. STATUS Scarce and declining, mainly in S England.
Prickly Poppy
Fruit
Prickly Poppy Papaver argemone (Papaveraceae)
HEIGHT to 30cm
Delicate annual of arable land, mainly on sandy soils. FLOWERS 2–6cm across with 4 pale red petals that typically do not overlap but which do have a dark basal blotch (May–Aug). FRUITSNarrow, elongated and ribbed with prickle-like bristles. LEAVES Much divided; bristle-tipped. STATUS Local and scarce, mainly in S England.
See alsoWestern Ramping-fumitory (#litres_trial_promo)
Poppy, Barberry and Cabbage Families (#ulink_016ae39b-a07c-5d5e-9f76-dcbbb3d26591)
Yellow Horned-poppy
Yellow Horned-poppy Glaucium flavum (Papaveraceae)
HEIGHT to 50cm
Blue-grey, clump-forming perennial of shingle beaches. FLOWERS 5–7cm across with overlapping yellow petals (June–Sep). FRUITS Elongated, curved capsules, to 30cm long. LEAVES Pinnately divided, the clasping upper ones having shallow, toothed lobes. STATUS Locally common on most suitable coasts except far N.
Welsh Poppy
Welsh Poppy Meconopsis cambrica (Papaveraceae)
HEIGHT to 50cm
Showy perennial of shady woods. FLOWERS 4–6cm across with 4 overlapping, bright yellow petals; on slender stems (June–Aug). FRUITS 4-to 6-ribbed capsules that split when ripe. LEAVES Pinnately divided, toothed, stalked. STATUS Native to Wales, SW England and Ireland; naturalised as a garden escape elsewhere.
Greater Celandine
Greater Celandine Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae) HEIGHT to 80cm
Tall, brittle-stemmed perennial. Found in hedgerows and along woodland rides. FLOWERS 2–3cm across and comprising 4 non-overlapping bright yellow petals (Apr–Oct). FRUITS Narrow capsules that split from below when ripe. LEAVES Grey-green, pinnately divided. STATUS Native but also naturalised.
Fruit
Barberry
Barberry Berberis vulgaris (Berberidaceae)
HEIGHT to 2m
Small, deciduous shrub with grooved twigs and 3-forked prickles. Found in hedgerows and scrub, mainly on calcareous soils. FLOWERS Small, yellow; in hanging clusters (May–June). FRUITS Ovoid, reddish berries. LEAVES Sharp-toothed, oval; borne in tufts from axils of prickles. STATUS Scarce native; also naturalised.
Bush, Robin
Tall Rocket
Tall Rocket Sisymbrium altissimum (Brassicaceae)
HEIGHT to 2m
Upright annual of waste ground; hairless above but hairy below. FLOWERS 1cm across, yellow petals, twice the length of sepals (June–Aug). FRUITS Slender, narrow and up to 10cm long. LEAVES Have very narrow lobes. STATUS Introduced but established in S and E England. Eastern RocketS. orientale is similar but with smaller flowers and divided leaves that are spear-shaped overall. Waste ground, in S.
Bush, Robin
False London-rocket
False London-rocket Sisymbrium loeselii (Brassicaceae)
HEIGHT to 60cm
Straggly, upright annual with bristly hairy lower stems. Found on waste ground. FLOWERS 4–6mm across, with 4 yellow petals twice as long as the sepals (June– Aug). FRUITS Pods 2–4cm long that do not overtop the flowers. LEAVES Deeply pinnately lobed. STATUS Casual in S; sometimes naturalised, mainly in London. London RocketS. irio is similar but hairless. Petals equal to, or slightly longer than, sepals (Jun–Aug); slender pods overtop flowers. Wasteground, mainly London and Dublin.
Hedge Mustard
Hedge Mustard
Hedge Mustard Sisymbrium officinale (Brassicaceae) HEIGHT to 90cm
Tough, upright annual or biennial of waste ground and disturbed soil. FLOWERS 3mm across with 4 yellow petals; in terminal clusters (May–Oct). FRUITS Cylindrical, 1–2cm long, pressed close to the stem. LEAVES Variable: lower leaves deeply divided, stem leaves narrow. STATUS Widespread and common throughout.
Flixweed
Flixweed
Flixweed Descurainia sophia (Brassicaceae)
HEIGHT to 80cm
Much-divided, bushy, hairy annual found on waste and bare ground, usually on sandy soils. FLOWERS 3mm across, with 4 pale yellow petals equal to the sepals; in terminal clusters (June–Aug). FRUITS Slender, cylindrical pods up to 4cm long. LEAVESGrey-green, finely divided. STATUS Widespread but distinctly local.
Bush, Robin
Treacle-mustard
Treacle-mustard Erysimum cheiranthoides (Brassicaceae)
HEIGHT to 1m
Slender, upright annual with angled stems. Found on waste ground and arable field margins. FLOWERS 6–10mm across, with 4 yellow petals longer than the sepals; in terminal clusters (June–Sep). FRUITS 25mm long, slender. LEAVES Shallowly lobed, narrow. STATUS Introduced and naturalised.
Cabbage Family Brassicaceae (#ulink_e5e4f8d7-821b-5a0f-a1ad-6ecc1dc62849)
Janes, Ernie
Wallflower
Wallflower Erysimum cheiriHEIGHT to 60cm
Showy perennial with a woody-based stem and branched hairs. Associated with cliffs and old walls. FLOWERS 2–3cm across with 4 orange-yellow petals; in terminal clusters (Mar–June). FRUITS Flattened, 7cm long. LEAVES Narrow, untoothed. STATUS Widely naturalised as a garden escape.
Burbidge, Brinsley
Dame’s-violet
Dame’s-violet Hesperis matronalis
HEIGHT to 90cm
Hairy biennial or perennial associated with hedgerows and wayside places. FLOWERS Fragrant, 17–20mm across, with 4 violet or pinkish-white petals; in terminal clusters (May–Aug). FRUITS Long, flattened, curving upwards. LEAVES Narrow, pointed, untoothed, stalked. STATUS Widely naturalised as a garden escape.
Hall, Jean
Hoary Stock
Hoary Stock Matthiola incana
HEIGHT to 80cm
Downy, greyish annual or perennial with a woody-based stem. Associated with sea cliffs. FLOWERS Fragrant, 25–30mm across, with 4 white to purple petals (Apr–July). FRUITS Cylindrical pods to 13cm long. LEAVES Narrow, untoothed. STATUS Scarce and doubtfully native although possibly so in S England and S Wales.
Sea Stock
Sea Stock Matthiola sinuata
HEIGHT to 80cm
Downy, grey-green perennial, the base of which is not woody. Associated with coastal dunes and sea cliffs. FLOWERS Fragrant, 25–30mm across, with 4 pinkish petals (June–Aug). FRUITS Narrow, elongated pods. LEAVES Narrow, with toothed or lobed margins. STATUS Rare; SW England, S Wales, S Ireland and Channel Islands only.
Winter-cress
Winter-cress
Winter-cress Barbarea vulgarisHEIGHT to 80cm
Upright, hairless perennial of damp ground. FLOWERS 7–9mm across with 4 yellow petals; in terminal heads (May–Aug). FRUITS Long, narrow, 4-sided pods. LEAVES Dark green, shiny; lower ones divided, the end lobe large and oval; upper stem leaves entire. STATUS Widespread but commonest in the south.
Medium-flowered Winter-cress
Medium-flowered Winter-cress
Medium-flowered Winter-cress Barbarea intermedia
HEIGHT to 80cm
Upright, hairless perennial of waste ground. FLOWERS 5–6mm across with 4 yellow petals; in terminal heads (Mar–Aug). FRUITS Long, narrow, 4-sided pods. LEAVES Dark green, shiny; all lobed. STATUS Introduced, occasional but seemingly increasing.
Marsh Yellow-cress
Marsh Yellow-cress
Marsh Yellow-cress Rorippa palustrisHEIGHT to 50cm
Annual of damp, marshy hollows, sometimes growing in shallow water. Stems upright, angular, hollow. FLOWERS 3mm across with 4 yellow petals equal in length to sepals; in terminal heads (June–Oct). FRUITS Elliptical pods, 4–6mm long. LEAVES Pinnately lobed. STATUS Locally common throughout, except in the north.
Creeping Yellow-cress
