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Maxed Out: Hard Times, Easy Credit
James D. Scurlock
Scaldingly honest, impeccably researched and movingly written, ‘MAXED OUT’ is, as ‘FAST FOOD NATION’ was to the food industry, the book the captains of the debt industry wish you would never read.‘Maxed Out’ is a groundbreaking work that targets the debt industry and how it is fundamentally re-shaping our lives through misleading, unethical, insidious and sometimes illegal practices designed to bury us under ever higher amounts of debt.The book provides a fascinating and shocking look at how today's credit merchants are trying to get virtually everyone into the credit game. Although the poor are especially targeted by the industry in the hopes that they will become lifelong credit addicts, everyone from university students to grandmothers are under assault from debt companies offering easy access to all the material comforts we can imagine, with our dreams just a swipe away from coming true.‘Maxed Out’ shows how, you, the average citizen is courted, wooed and tempted every day into buying something on credit, as well as what happens when the day arrives when you can no longer make your minimum monthly payment.
MAXED OUT
HARD TIMES, EASY CREDIT
JAMES SCURLOCK
For Sean, Mitzi, and Yvonne
Contents
Cover (#u4aea6099-a304-5c38-887c-febdbbc03231)
Title Page (#u3d0f7495-739c-5dc5-8e5e-35ac392929ed)
Preface: More Debt Please, We’re British (#ulink_7bc0868e-dc4a-5f57-a7e4-f0730c82a7bb)
Pre-Production (#ulink_aadb390b-9020-5034-80a8-0a26c4c3920d)
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Eleven (#ulink_ae3fb90a-87ed-5237-be16-a1db75da8481)
Twelve (#ulink_77436c04-bd5e-509f-bc34-aeffdd7a5469)
Solutions (#ulink_5057566a-1866-5fc2-b61e-f77b6222f9a0)
Resources (#ulink_186cf3fc-a5d9-5c2e-b5e2-309e385eaad3)
Acknowledgments (#ulink_3d711a58-247c-59fd-a245-aaa7423433cd)
Copyright (#ulink_2bf60f08-a370-5aa5-a76a-a85339c1d2ff)
About the Publisher (#ulink_fe350602-80d1-543c-b74f-b5b65601afc6)
Preface (#ulink_56a2c5ad-625c-5ff1-b184-d0bd74126a04)
More Debt Please, We’re British (#ulink_56a2c5ad-625c-5ff1-b184-d0bd74126a04)
VINCENT: You know what the funniest thing about Europe is?
JULES: What?
VINCENT: It’s the little differences. A lotta the same shit we got here, they got there, but there they’re a little different.
“I knew it was bad. I just didn’t know it was that bad.” So I’ve been told countless times now, by those who’ve seen my film, Maxed Out. Usually I smile back in an appropriately patronizing way to confirm that yes, it is that bad; and shame on you for believing it wasn’t! Yet for a very long time, I believed that America was as bad as it could possibly get. Why? Because we are the world’s most infamous over-consumers, or, as our president patriotically spins it, we are the locomotive of the world’s economy. The inspiration for Maxed Out was my fellow countrymen and women—who, incidentally, never needed the title explained to them.
But as it turns out, both the film and this book are rooted in a singular misconception. Because as bad as it is in America, it is much worse in the United Kingdom.
How could this be? It remains more than a little baffling. After all, the UK is the land of free healthcare, free education, the land where understatement, restraint and modesty are time-honored virtues. Even the British colonial model was far more responsible— at least in the purely economic sense—than our own. The British learned to exact taxes from their subjects while we are inclined to borrow from ours—and yours as well, to be honest. And the famous British virtues of rugged individualism and perseverance that we’ve never quite taken to, the same principles that made going broke an offense punishable by execution up until a couple of hundred years ago as our founding fathers—debtors and speculators themselves—were creating what have become the most liberal bankruptcy laws in the world. True, the British invented both tabloid journalism and reality television, and their fetish for royal gossip seems a tad overwrought at times, but it is in my hometown of Los Angeles that paparazzi stalk the boutiques of Beverly Hills, broadcasting the latest clothing and accessories chosen by the latest starlets to the shopping masses, who are expected to pay whatever is demanded for a pair of the right jeans and encrust their cellphones with diamonds. How else to explain $1,500 denims and $200 t-shirts?
So my thoughts did not drift across the Atlantic until a year and a half ago, when an esteemed professor I was scheduled to interview abruptly canceled. He was being flown over to London with the Princeton economist Paul Krugman to commemorate a dubious milestone: Britons’ accumulation of over £1 trillion in consumer debt, i.e. credit cards, car loans, and virtually every other form of credit one can pile on excluding the home mortgage. The British, I was told, were in a panic. Credit card executives were brought before parliament and grilled; the Queen warned of the consequences; the Financial Services Authority was investigating. Yet, if American history served as any guide, Britons would quickly forget their first trillion. Why? First off, because the number is so huge as to be incomprehensible, and, therefore, forgettable; and second, because there is an inertia about debt that is as futile to resist as it is counter-intuitive. Because the more debt, the fewer consequences—at least in the short term. Debt has a smoothing effect and an air of inevitability. When our national debt passed the trillion dollar mark in the mid 1980s, there was a brief uproar, but then Ronald Reagan blamed the media and everyone seemed to forget about it.
I’ve been scanning the British press for almost a year now, searching for clues as to how all of this came about in the first place, as well as to glean some idea of what, if anything, the British government intends to do about it. Over the past couple of years, I’ve found a number of stories which do just that, including the purchase of the most expensive house in the history of mankind (in London), the explosive growth of the collections industry in the UK, the scaling back of government assistance in areas like education and healthcare, including the case of one woman who was denied cancer treatment because of its high cost, a new study showing that the British are learning to rely on their credit cards to buy necessities like gas and groceries, and the ritual berating of financial executives, one of whom, the CEO of Barclays Bank, famously stated that he would not himself use a credit card, which is his bank’s most profitable product.
So living in Britain has become increasingly expensive, health services and other public goods are being reduced (which means that their cost is being shifted onto the backs of the working public), and large, trusted financial institutions are peddling products which they know to be so harmful that they themselves won’t partake of them. In other words, the UK bears a striking resemblance to the United States—and to a lot of other “wealthy” nations as well. If our own history is any guide—and we’ve been playing this game a lot longer than you have—things will get quite a bit worse. Bankruptcies will continue to hit records, people will use high-interest credit as a backstop to keep their places in the middle class (including using credit cards to make interest payments on other credit cards), tabloids and Starbucks will proliferate as arbiters of public taste and wise old souls will observe that the society is regressing into a feudal state with only two classes—owners and renters—while politicians wash their hands and say that nothing can be done because the financial industry is too large and too interwoven into the fabric of society to be regulated.
The irony will be so thick that even Alanis Morissette will recognize it. In a period of unparalleled prosperity and stability, more and more people will feel vulnerable and sink into poverty—slowly at first, then with lightning speed. As free-marketers defend the sovereignty of the national currency, the demand for VISA and Mastercard’s tender will make the value of the pound sterling less and less relevant. As leaders warn against putting the brakes on a system spiraling wildly out of control, and self-righteously point out that it is up to the consumer alone to inject responsibility into the system, they themselves will pledge the assets of their constituents at an astonishing rate in order to save their wealthiest citizens and corporations from the specter of higher taxes, increasing the burden of the already maxed-out working classes. As this situation deteriorates into unbridled absurdity, you will see inventions such as credit cards specifically issued to pay medical expenses, collection agencies hired to go after soldiers wounded in battle, the sale of personal information from public to private entities and back again, and perhaps even a new bankruptcy scheme which reverts back to the eighteenth century, i.e. a bear trap where lifelong imprisonment is the norm and death the only way for the vast majority to get out from under. All of these scenarios have played out in America and, at one time or another in the very recent past, each has been heralded as solutions to a problem most of us are loathe to admit exists. If this sounds absurd, it is. If it sounds entirely implausible, I urge you to read the rest of this book. Believe it or not, it gets worse.
The good news is that there is nothing inevitable about the American experience. For one, the British press seems to be much more concerned about the issue and much less concerned by sideshows like whether or not Elton John should be allowed to marry his boyfriend or whether or not the plug should be pulled on a woman who has been brain-dead for decades. Secondly, the British government seems to be taking steps to address the worst cases of abuse by the financial industry—reminding those companies and its citizens that they are not, after all, above the law. The Financial Services Authority, for example, recently ruled against banks and financial services companies which have been charging illegal fees in flagrant violation of UK laws. In the United States, such fees were made entirely legal by the Supreme Court less than a decade ago. Still, the fact that financial corporations in the UK are acting so American is more than a little telling.
Is the financial industry shaking in its boots? Probably not. I recall a conversation with a provisional minister in Canada, who observed that, unlike the United States, his country had usury laws (interest rates above 60 percent are prohibited). Still, those laws went unenforced. Why? He seemed to think that the police were too busy with “real” crime to go after a bunch of respectable bankers. But there is another reason. Most of us in America, Canada and the UK cannot live without easy credit; the threat of our plastic being taken away is terrifying not only to politicians who expect the economy to grow year after year, but to us, who have become conditioned to believing that easy credit will always be there. I suspect that the FSA will find itself playing a game of chicken with the credit card companies, who will threaten to remove the punchbowl and bring the party to an abrupt halt if they are not allowed to charge the kinds of fees and interest rates they’ve become accustomed to. The financial industry recently played this game with the Japanese government, claiming that a cap on fees and stratospheric interest rates would bring the country’s economic recovery to a halt. To their great surprise, the Japanese government didn’t buy it.
Lord Acton once predicted a climactic showdown between the people and the banks. He may finally be proven right, that is if people cannot stop borrowing and the banks cannot stop enticing them to ruin. As Charles Dickens remarked of the time leading up to the French Revolution, “it was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” At the moment, it is the best of times for the owners of capital. But for the rest of us, it is a very different story.
Pre-Production (#ulink_e9df154b-207d-5937-a62f-190a740c9e70)
“I think everyone knows that something just isn’t right.”
- Dave Ramsey
The Country Music Hall of Fame sits on the edge of downtown Nashville, across Broadway Street from a row of run-down buildings, one of which houses a FedEx Kinko’s store. Downtown is, like most midsize American cities, oddly quiet. The busiest spot is a Starbucks tucked into the mezzanine of a mid-rise office building occupied by a bank. At night, retired couples and newlyweds wander past the Hall of Fame and the FedEx Kinko’s on their way to a little strip of bars and restaurants, like the Hard Rock Cafe and Sbarro, the pizza place popular with tourists. The only clue that this is Nashville, and not Louisville or Minneapolis, is a young man in a wifebeater and a cowboy hat strumming a guitar on top of a box. He tells the few good folks who pause to listen that he’s looking for a record deal, and they seem to appreciate the lonely note of authenticity he’s lending their vacation, but it’s hard to figure how he’s going to end up across the street someday, in that museum. The fans he’ll need are being bused from their hotels over to the Grand Ole Opry, a huge entertainment complex near the airport. And the music producers are scattered around the suburbs, working out of small offices and home studios. He’d have better luck perching outside a strip mall Starbucks, waiting for one of them to emerge with a Frappuccino.
But if this cowboy decided to make that short trip, setting out past Vanderbilt University and into the suburbs, he’d discover just how much the world has changed. He’d pass countless pawnshops, check-cashing outlets, bank branches, title loan stores, and financing companies. He’d see that most billboards were advertising loans of one kind or another—and he’d also see plenty of smaller ads, mostly on the sides of the city’s buses, for credit repair companies and bankruptcy attorneys. He’d soon learn that Tennesseans have become obsessed with debt: how to get it, get rid of it, or, most commonly, how to “surf it,” i.e., how to ride larger and larger waves of debt without wiping out.
Indeed, if the cowboy headed east along the interstate toward Brentwood, the state’s plushest suburb and home to many of his idols, he would see several billboards advertising a middle-age man with a bald head and a silver beard, a man who could easily pass for an aging country music legend, a man promising “Freedom.” This man, the cowboy would discover, has the number-one radio show in Tennessee, and one of the fastest-growing audiences in the country. This man reaches millions of Americans in over 260 cities who listen to him religiously. He travels the country and commands adoring audiences in the thousands. He has his own reality television show in development. And he can’t even sing or play the guitar.
His name is Dave Ramsey. He sells freedom from debt. And he is arguably the most popular recording artist in Tennessee—which, incidentally, has the second highest bankruptcy rate in the nation.
I first meet Dave at a two-story brick office building that sits across the street from the state’s most expensive shopping mall. The building is home to Dave’s radio show as well as “Financial Peace University,” Dave’s twelve-step program to get out of debt. Dave is of medium height, stocky build, and bald. He could be Dr. Phil’s nephew. For the uninitiated, his intensity can read scary. Onstage he prowls and contorts every muscle like the evangelist he is. When Dave starts preaching the word, there is no room for argument. He’s been to the mountaintop. And he’s come back to save your soul from the demon that is debt.
Before every show Dave huddles with his staff in a prayer circle. A rock song leads in, then a quick anecdote or bad joke, and then Dave starts taking calls. The callers, as ever, are lost. They are trapped. They cannot help themselves. They do not understand their lives. They do not understand the terms of their credit card agreements and car loans. They are afraid. They are good people, however. They are just confused. Their hearts are willing but their minds are weak. Math scares them. They need a leader, someone to lead them out of the valley of the shadow of debt. Dave is the man.
He listens to them. Then he yells at them. He probes. He scolds. He exposes their hypocrisy and their secrets, which they didn’t really want to keep anyway. He is the stern parent they never knew but wish they had. He tells them to sell the minivan, to live on “rice and beans and beans and rice,” to get out of school and start making money. He tells them to hold garage sales. Lots of them. Then, during the commercial breaks, he urges his listeners to visit a mattress store where they can get “the really good $5,000 mattress sets for only $3,000” and why not stop by the pawnshop that has been a sponsor of his show from the beginning? That’s where rich folks shop, he tells them. The plugs are not so much advertisements as they are testimonials, though it seems more than a little absurd that someone drowning in debt would plunk down three grand for a trophy mattress or spring for a bargain Rolex.
In many parts of the country, “Dave told me to sell it” is a perfectly good explanation to the buyer of a used Jet Ski, an SUV, or any other toy. Dave knows his audience and he makes allowances for their weakness. The centerpiece of Financial Peace University is what he calls the “debt snowball,” which means paying small bills first, regardless of the interest rate. Of course, this is not such a good idea from a strictly mathematical standpoint (most experts advise paying off the highest-interest debts first). But Dave has succeeded by being a realist, not an academic. He knows that his listeners have short attention spans and Americans aren’t so good at math in general. Dave defends the debt snowball by pointing out that it makes people feel as if they are achieving something quickly so they stick with the program longer. In other words, the debt snowball is no different from the crash diets which have become so ingrained in American life. What counts is fast results.
And, like Stop the Insanity! Susan Powter, the queen of diet infomercials, Dave can relate. He can tell his flock how, in the mideighties, he built a multimillion-dollar real estate fortune, only to lose it all by being stupid. He had to sell the Jaguar the day before it was going to be repo’d. He lost his house. He almost lost his marriage. He declared bankruptcy. The empire was built on a fantasy—on debt. Debt is evil. Debt is so evil, in fact, that Dave advocates paying cash for everything, with the exception of a mortgage, which should be no longer than fifteen years. When I ask Dave to define predatory lending, he responds, “All debt, to a degree, is predatory.”
The day after I meet Dave, I decide to visit his bankruptcy attorney, Edgar Rothchild. Edgar is perhaps the most successful bankruptcy attorney in the state—if you define success by sheer volume. Edgar mostly processes Chapter 13s, where debts are not discharged but repackaged into a court-supervised plan. Debtors then make a monthly payment to a bankruptcy trustee, who pays off the creditors. But the vast majority of Chapter 13s that Edgar processes are eventually converted into Chapter 7s, where the debts are discharged, for the simple reason that most debtors can’t keep up the payments.
Edgar won’t talk about Dave on the record, but the mention of his most famous client brings an immediate smile that says, I operate in the real world. When you ask Edgar why so many Americans are declaring bankruptcy—the rate is now ten times that during the Great Depression—he can cite a number of reasons, but they all revolve around a simple truth: Americans’ incomes have not kept pace with expenses. And, as far as Tennessee is concerned, the educational system is failing its students. A lot of Edgar’s clients are illiterate. They can’t get good jobs and they are easy prey for con artists. His wealthier clients have other problems: divorce, medical bills, job losses, children. “Do you have any idea what it takes to feed a teenage boy?” he smiles.
That afternoon, I return to Financial Peace University to ask Dave a few questions. I wonder if his “tough love” approach might be for show—if, off-air, Dave might have more sympathy for his listeners than he demonstrates on-air. If he might have some insights into why debt has become a cultural phenomenon. After all, the notion that millions of Americans woke up one day and willingly ensnared themselves in a trap they could never escape seems a little far-fetched. It also seems to me that the government bears some of the responsibility. After all, didn’t President Bush tell Americans, in the wake of September 11, to go to Disney World, to enjoy America as we want to enjoy it? Didn’t Tom Daschle, then the Democratic leader of the United States Senate, tell us to “go out and buy that suit you’ve been thinking about”? Hasn’t the United States Congress put every American family $80,000 in debt in a single generation, using our full faith and credit to pay for thousand-dollar toilet seats and countless “fact-finding” missions to exotic island nations and ski resorts?
But Dave will have none of these excuses. His listeners change their lives, he tells me, when “they look in the mirror and say, ‘You! You’re the problem! It’s the guy I shave with every day.’ If I can change his behavior, I can be rich and thin.” (Like a number of people I will meet, Dave thinks that obesity and indebtedness are flip sides of the same moral failing.)
“Is it any surprise,” he continues, “that people who go into debt elect people who go into debt? I don’t think it’s the other way around.” Finally he adds with a little smirk, “My savior doesn’t live in Washington, DC. That’s not where he lives.”
I leave Financial Peace University contemplating God and debt. And feeling a little like the cowboy with the guitar: that maybe I’ve missed the boat. After all, I’ve spent two days in Tennessee and seen dozens of bumper stickers advertising how Jesus saves. I am smack in the middle of the Bible Belt. If the good people of Tennessee were having so many problems with money, surely the first question on their tongues would be “What would Jesus do?”
(Note to cowboy with guitar: Christian music sales are growing much faster than country and western.)
As it turns out, a lot of ministries have started to answer that very question. Earlier that week Jerry Falwell had delivered a sermon from his compound in Lynchburg called “People Who Steal from God.” The message? People get into financial trouble because they don’t give the church enough money. I’ve heard about a preacher in North Carolina holding debt revivals, where families cleanse themselves by destroying their credit cards at the altar. There was a pastor at the West Angeles Church in Los Angeles who’s developed a ministry called Millionaires in Training. No matter that some of the highest bankruptcy rates are to be found along the Bible Belt. God wants Christians to be debt free.
After trolling the Internet for less than an hour, I find myself with an invitation from an evangelist named Steve Diggs to attend his No Debt, No Sweat! ministry that evening in Antioch, an undergentrified suburb fifteen miles southeast of Nashville whose finest establishment is the obligatory (and cash-only) Waffle House.
Steve is a former advertising man who used to be fat and in debt. With the Lord’s help, he and his wife conquered those demons. Now he is trim, debt free, and out of the advertising business—sort of. Steve sells a plan to help Christians get their financial house in order for $36. The No Debt, No Sweat! mission(ary) statement is “to teach you to handle money so you can take off like a bullet with a tailwind.” On the phone Steve is a nice guy, full of energy, and he promises a great show, complete with feathered boas, loud Hawaiian shirts, sunglasses, and a female impersonation. I can hardly wait.
The seminar turns out to be quite tame, but then again, I am from L.A., a fact that Steve receives with a look of some consternation or apprehension or both. Later on he will tell his “L.A. story”: Steve and his wife win tickets to the Emmys from a local radio contest and go to Hollywood, but the moment they arrive at the red carpet, they find that their people are protesting the industry’s immoral agenda from the other side of the velvet rope. Steve has a crisis of conscience, realizes he’s on the wrong side of the rope, yet he and his wife decide to go to the Emmys anyway. They even go to the after-party to mingle with the hedonists. Steve has had an epiphany not uncommon among the evangelical crowd: It’s better to be an insider if you want to effect change. Plus, there’s the gift bag …
The Antioch audience listens politely (they are in church, after all) as Steve paces the center aisle talking very fast into a Garth Brooks–style headset. When a gray hair complains that Steve needs to slow it down, Steve shocks me by telling the old guy tough luck. This turns out to be by far the most dramatic moment of the evening.
Steve tries to be funny, but the crowd doesn’t laugh much. Maybe he is talking too fast. And maybe they are more confused by the camp antics (feathered boa and otherwise bad drag) than amused by them. He gratuitously mentions his dislike of the “homosexual agenda” to reassure them of his conservative Christian credentials. But no matter. I am here to learn what Jesus would do if he got into debt. And you know what? He wouldn’t give up everything he owned. He would hold a garage sale, call his credit card company and renegotiate his interest rate, and probably get rid of the SUV, unless the disciples ponied up some dough for the gas, maybe.
I leave Antioch admiring Steve’s spirit but with no more understanding of why Christians, like everyone else in America, are drowning in debt. Except for the obvious—that some of them have left his seminar with an extra $36 on their Visa card. For all of their good intentions, the financial gurus that Americans turn to offer just as many contradictions as solutions. A pastor I’d visited in South Central Los Angeles, for example, chastised his congregants for driving cars they couldn’t afford—as we cruised South Central in his Range Rover. Suze Orman, the nation’s bestselling financial adviser, has done ads for Cadillac (which have among the worst resale values of any automobile). Dave Ramsey has his sponsors (the pawnshop and discount luxury mattress place come to mind) because he’s got to pay the rent too. And when Jerry Falwell holds himself up as an example for tithing 30 percent and being plenty prosperous, it’s more than a little self-serving. When he tells his congregants that giving his ministry more money will erase their financial troubles—a strategy he calls “spiritual mathematics”—it’s just plain slimy.
Yet, I’ve come to learn that, for all of their apparent contradictions, the financial gurus are a pretty accurate reflection of the times. We live in a country where the government tells us that the economy is getting better and better, but most polls show that we believe it’s getting worse and worse. A country where foreclosures and bankruptcies have skyrocketed, while the numbers of millionaires and bank profits have increased year after year. A country whose citizens can afford the brand-new Hummer H2 and H3, but whose soldiers are expected to fight a war with the old ones (and with no body armor). Is it really possible that all of these catch-22s will be eliminated by holding biweekly garage sales and skipping the a.m. latte? Where is Susan Powter to jolt us out of our collective denial? Stop the Insanity!
Several months after I visited Tennessee, Hurricane Katrina rolled over New Orleans. A day later the city flooded. And then for seven long days, as the world watched, the people of New Orleans begged for help. Hundreds drowned in their own homes. Babies died in their mothers’ arms for lack of water. And I watched in amazement as conservatives demanded answers to the questions many of us had been asking for some time. How could extreme poverty exist in a country of such enormous wealth? Why hadn’t we taken better care of our infrastructure? Where was the money going to come from to fix it and pay for the war in Iraq and pay for Social Security and Medicare and all of the other entitlements? Was bankruptcy reform, which President Bush had just signed (really bad timing, Karl), too harsh? Katrina had changed everything, I told myself. People were finally asking the tough questions. Americans were beginning to realize that credit was not the same as wealth—that a generation of debt surfing had left us extraordinarily vulnerable.
The president gave a dramatic and hopeful speech in the French Quarter, shouting out to the huddled masses who’d been ignored for too long. But then he seemed to lose interest. The telethons came and went. New natural disasters and new scandals took center stage. The death toll in Iraq passed 2,000. A bill to exempt hurricane victims from bankruptcy reform died in the House, as did a measure to offset the costs of rebuilding New Orleans with budget cuts. Insurance companies refused to rebuild homes because they claimed the damage resulted from hurricane-induced flooding and not from the hurricane itself.
Private companies, which owned most of the hospitals in New Orleans, expressed doubts that they would ever rebuild. The Small Business Administration offered loan guarantees, but only to those with near perfect credit—a cruel joke which has so far shut out 80 percent of those who have applied for help. The most hopeful sign was the return of white real estate speculators.
In other words, the status quo quietly eased back into place. The government would take on more debt to rebuild what it could. And the people would take on more debt to do the same. The only difference would be that that debt would be more expensive than before. In other words, we would surf the hurricane, even though the waters were getting far more treacherous. Why? We have no choice.
The federal government—and the majority of Americans—can no longer get by a single day without taking on additional debt. And as more borrowing goes to simply pay off old debt, or to make interest payments, the new debt does little more than increase banking profits. Eventually the higher levels of debt will lead to higher interest rates, which will lead to more debt, creating a cycle as vicious as it is inevitable. Over the past generation, banks and credit card companies have made trillions of dollars of high-interest, unsecured debt available, and Americans have scooped it up. Our incomes have risen an average of 1 percent in real terms, while our household debt has increased over 1,000 percent. As a result, we no longer save
We have no choice but to keep spending until our credit is exhausted and we own nothing. As Marriner Eccles, the legendary Fed chairman during the Great Depression, noted, “The economy is like a poker game where only a few people control the chips and the other fellows must borrow to stay in the game. But the moment the borrowing stops, the game is over.”
How did we allow this to happen? How could we be so shortsighted? How could banks keep lending to people who can’t afford to pay them back? Doesn’t that fly in the face of tradition, if not common sense? Don’t bank executives realize that they are sowing the seeds of their own destruction? After all, when most Americans can no longer stay afloat, the banks will sink alongside them as they did back in Marriner Eccles’s day.
The simple answer is that Americans are a lot like the cowboy with the guitar. While the banking industry has gone through its most profound change since the Venetians invented modern finance hundreds of years ago, Americans have clung to old assumptions. In particular, we’ve continued to believe that banks wouldn’t extend us credit unless we could handle it, and that banks want us to save. Yet, the big banks realized more than a generation ago that they make far more money teaching us to spend than to save. They’ve also learned that making money upfront, mostly in the form of fees, is a lot more fun than waiting for a revenue stream to trickle in. The reason is simple: Fees can be booked as profits immediately; revenue streams take years. This is why most mortgages, car loans, and even credit card receivables are bundled together and sold off, sometimes instantly, to Wall Street.
Take Enron as an example. Enron executives didn’t want to wait for their brilliant ideas to bear fruit. So they used an accounting gimmick called “mark-to-market,”
where they decided how much an idea was worth, booked it as immediate profit, and then collected a bonus on that profit—all in the same quarter. When these new businesses instead generated huge losses, executives turned to the world’s largest banks to hide those losses—for a fee. Enron would “sell” the losses to a large bank before reporting its financial results, then buy them back afterward at a greater loss. The bank collected a fee without taking a risk, the bankers got a bonus based on generating that fee, and, most important, the Enron execs rewarded themselves with huge bonuses based on phony—but consistently growing—profits. Of course, mark-to-market guaranteed Enron’s eventual failure. But consider that the top ten CEOs in America now earn more than $100 million per year, and you realize how quickly short-term gimmicks can create vast fortunes.
The same gimmicks are now being applied to consumer debt. Most mortgages, car loans, and credit card debt are packaged and sold off to investors at a profit within a short period of time, sometimes seconds. Banks create an estimate of how much the credit card debt is worth and sell it to investors, pocketing a profit. There is no banker carefully tending to your mortgage or your credit card down at the local branch, any more than there is a record executive strolling down Broadway Street searching for the cowboy.
But there is an even greater misconception at work. A misconception that debt is not what it used to be. That there is “good” debt, for example, and “bad” debt. Tune in to Suze Orman, for example, and she will tell you that a single number, your credit score (aka, FICO),
is the key to your financial future. But while a good credit score gets you better rates on your mortgage and credit cards, it also opens up the floodgates for more “good”—i.e., cheap—credit to pour into your life, and this credit does not usually remain good or cheap for too long. The idea that one should stay out of debt, period, is now considered unrealistic. After all, who lives without debt? The Unabomber, maybe?
Even more frightening is the notion that debt is our friend—a magical tool that allows us, in the words of Napster’s new ads, to “own everything and have nothing.” No less a fiscal conservative than President Bush has dismissed the federal debt as “numbers on paper.” His vice president has flatly stated, “Deficits don’t matter.” But the apathy prize goes to two-term Florida senator Connie Mack, who was hired to give Bush ideas on reforming the tax code in 2005. Here’s a recent exchange between the senator and the New York Times:
Interviewer: Where do you suggest we get the money from?
Sen. Mack: What money?
Interviewer: The money to run this country.
Sen. Mack: We’ll borrow it.
Interviewer: I never understand where this money comes from. When the president says we need another $200 billion for Katrina repairs, does he just go and borrow it from the Saudis?
Sen. Mack: In a sense, we do. Maybe the Chinese.
Twenty years ago, when the federal debt passed the trillion-dollar mark, politicians, including Ronald Reagan, as well as economists, including Alan Greenspan, warned of dire consequences. Seven trillion dollars later, borrowing more has become the solution to every conceivable problem. Take Social Security as the largest, and perhaps most insidious, example: In order to reduce deficits, the past four presidents have borrowed $1.5 trillion from Social Security and the “trust fund” now holds nothing more than a very big IOU. In effect, we’ve been surfing, borrowing from Social Security to pay off the interest on the federal debt every year. In the 2000 and 2004 elections, George W. Bush promoted an idea called “private accounts.” In theory, every American would own their Social Security account. The account would contain real money so it could buy real investments, i.e., not IOUs. In theory one could also borrow against it, of course. The trouble is that since the Social Security Trust Fund has no cash, no one can say where the money would come from to fund these accounts. The Chinese again? Probably. But Bush hasn’t told us yet. He has, however, loudly warned working Americans not to count on Social Security. (Note to cowboy: Keep strummin’.)
The media never really took the president to task on the math of private accounts. It was the AARP
that killed the idea, and, ironically enough, they hated it because private accounts would have reduced the amount of guaranteed benefits to their members, not because it would have indebted their future members.
Pete Peterson, one of the smartest financiers among us, has correctly pointed out that “benefits” like personal accounts are simply deferred taxes if they’re not paid for. Yet neither the anti-tax president nor his adversaries once questioned whether borrowing the trillions of dollars needed to fund private accounts was a good idea, much less possible. After all, Americans have accepted the surfing lifestyle in all of its absurdities. We have watched advertisements that say “Pay off your high credit card debts!” and we have called the 800 numbers and attached our homes to new loans in order to pay off our credit cards, then bragged to our friends that we are “debt free.” We are encouraged to rent things we used to own—including music and, paradoxically, the down payments on our homes. We have accepted this new bargain that we will never be out of debt as inevitable, preordained by the God of our choosing. We have forgotten the feeling of solid ground as we have taken on larger and more treacherous waves. We have ignored the greatest investor among us, Warren Buffett, who has derided our “sharecroppers society.” He sounds old, cranky, and un-hip.
Until we wipe out. Until we lose our jobs, until we get divorced, until we discover that our health insurance doesn’t cover thousands of dollars of “extras,” or until our home doesn’t appreciate at the anticipated rate. Until we can no longer surf. And then the “debt hell,” as a consumer advocate I interviewed calls it, kicks in. The fees pile up. The interest rates increase. The bargain we accepted ceases to be a bargain. It becomes prohibitively expensive. We learn that we are not middle-class at all. We are poor. We own nothing.
And then, just maybe, we finally ask, “Well, how did we get here?”
Number one is Utah.
The chain finally began accepting credit cards in February 2005. Et tu, Waffle House?
Trent Lott, the former Senate majority leader, is among those suing the insurers.
In the UK, a similar picture exists. Collectively, Britons owe 140 percent of their post-tax income – the average household is in debt to the tune of more than £8,000 excluding mortgages. Total debt in the UK is rising by £1m every four minutes.
