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Early Greece
Oswyn Murray
Now available in ebook format.Within the space of three centuries, up to the great Persian invasion of 480BC, Greece was transformed from a simple peasant society into a sophisticated civilisation which dominated the shores of the Mediterranean from Spain to Syria and from the Crimea to Egypt - a culture whose achievements in the fields of art, science, philosophy and politics were to establish the canons of the Western world. The author of this book places this development in the context of Mediterranean civilisation, providing an account of the transformation that launched Western culture.
Dedication (#ulink_9b9fd261-93e6-5094-aeae-311bda534e2b)
for
J.A.H.M.
O.M.
A.E.M.
M.P.M.
R.J.M.
Contents
Cover (#u6d610b92-94cf-5fc1-9011-963233d66bdb)
Title Page (#u35e114c4-9e7c-501c-8b4e-2358fb80e3b8)
Dedication (#ulink_a5d51039-6066-5848-9d94-36f17e69372f)
Introduction to the Fontana History of the Ancient World (#ulink_a67c0ab9-4d37-5409-83a8-7a6b2179742e)
List of Plates (#ulink_8af76923-ca90-56ad-90f5-986dfd913673)
List of Maps (#ulink_e7269e73-7de8-512c-8d33-6207fcc768c1)
The Spelling of Greek Names (#ulink_8f470daf-6b5d-58f0-a97a-2a188f070e9f)
Preface to First Edition (1980) (#ulink_91116696-7002-575f-a60f-ae5fedf23cca)
Preface to Second Edition (1993) (#ulink_94574347-2a50-5fe1-bdef-becbdc227e62)
I. Myth, History and Archaeology (#ulink_3b874c85-b47e-5fb8-bafc-e97d1ecc9593)
II. Sources (#ulink_777568c4-3737-54ac-89c0-d7069ad5c99e)
III. The End of the Dark Age: the Aristocracy (#ulink_fb1daa39-cadf-5cf9-849f-4029800b7faf)
IV. The End of the Dark Age: the Community (#ulink_b8ed6d02-89c9-5453-a0ee-bbe80ff58a5f)
V. Euboean Society and Trade (#ulink_118d32c4-e15a-5587-83fe-250ba12028e5)
VI. The Orientalizing Period (#litres_trial_promo)
VII. Colonization (#litres_trial_promo)
VIII. Warfare and the New Morality (#litres_trial_promo)
IX. Tyranny (#litres_trial_promo)
X. Sparta and the Hoplite State (#litres_trial_promo)
XI. Athens and Social Justice (#litres_trial_promo)
XII. Life Styles: the Aristocracy (#litres_trial_promo)
XIII. Life Styles: the Economy (#litres_trial_promo)
XIV. The Coming of the Persians (#litres_trial_promo)
XV. The Leadership of Greece: Sparta and Athens (#litres_trial_promo)
XVI. The Great Persian War (#litres_trial_promo)
Maps (#litres_trial_promo)
Plate Section (#litres_trial_promo)
Date chart (#litres_trial_promo)
Primary sources (#litres_trial_promo)
Further reading (#litres_trial_promo)
General index (#litres_trial_promo)
About the Author (#litres_trial_promo)
Also by the Author (#litres_trial_promo)
Copyright (#litres_trial_promo)
About the Publisher (#litres_trial_promo)
Introduction to the Fontana History of the Ancient World (#ulink_db07c8d3-1f1a-578c-ba07-0e3407b0e346)
No justification is needed for a new history of the ancient world; modern scholarship and new discoveries have changed our picture in important ways, and it is time for the results to be made available to the general reader. But the Fontana History of the Ancient World attempts not only to present an up-to-date account. In the study of the distant past, the chief difficulties are the comparative lack of evidence and the special problems of interpreting it; this in turn makes it both possible and desirable for the more important evidence to be presented to the reader and discussed, so that he may see for himself the methods used in reconstructing the past, and judge for himself their success.
The series aims, therefore, to give an outline account of each period that it deals with and, at the same time, to present as much as possible of the evidence for that account. Selected documents with discussions of them are integrated into the narrative, and often form the basis of it; when interpretations are controversial the arguments are presented to the reader. In addition, each volume has a general survey of the types of evidence available for each period and ends with detailed suggestions for further reading. The series will, it is hoped, equip the reader to follow up his own interests and enthusiasms, having gained some understanding of the limits within which the historian must work.
Oswyn Murray
Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History,
Balliol College, Oxford
General Editor
Plates (#ulink_84728cd3-9329-5d89-b0fc-3f4e2c2ee1ce)
1 Trade and warfare (#litres_trial_promo)
a The site of Pithecusae (Ischia) (#litres_trial_promo)
b Bronze armour from the Warrior Grave at Argos (#litres_trial_promo)
c Corinthian helmet of Miltiades (#litres_trial_promo)
2 Commemorative pottery (#litres_trial_promo)
a Panathenaic prize vase (#litres_trial_promo)
b Geometric funerary vase from Athens (#litres_trial_promo)
3 Miniature sculpture (#litres_trial_promo)
a Ivory Astarte figure from Athens (#litres_trial_promo)
b Images of Sparta: the warrior (#litres_trial_promo)
c Images of Sparta: the woman (#litres_trial_promo)
4 Rituals (#litres_trial_promo)
a The sacrifice (#litres_trial_promo)
b The symposion (#litres_trial_promo)
5 Writing and the Law (#litres_trial_promo)
a Constitutional law from Chios (#litres_trial_promo)
b Attempts to ostracize Themistokles (#litres_trial_promo)
6 The international aristocracy (#litres_trial_promo)
a Arkesilas of Cyrene supervising trade (#litres_trial_promo)
b Miltiades kalos (#litres_trial_promo)
7 Monumental sculpture (#litres_trial_promo)
a Korē by Antenor (#litres_trial_promo)
b King Darius in audience, Persepolis Treasury (#litres_trial_promo)
8 The wealth of the west (#litres_trial_promo)
a Victory coin of Syracuse 479 BC (#litres_trial_promo)
b Temple of Athena, Paestum (#litres_trial_promo)
Maps (#ulink_44780031-2197-593c-98ce-392ce44c5f4b)
1 Greece and the Aegean (#litres_trial_promo)
2 Greeks in the western Mediterranean (#litres_trial_promo)
3 Greeks in the north-east and Black Sea areas (#litres_trial_promo)
4 The Persian Empire in the reign of Darius (#litres_trial_promo)
5 Early trade routes, east and west (#litres_trial_promo)
6 Attica: the divisions of Kleisthenes (#litres_trial_promo)
The Spelling of Greek Names (#ulink_830d0918-9e59-51e2-8083-91c7b856ccb6)
The traditional spelling of Greek names follows Latin rather than Greek practice; recently some scholars and translators have tried with more or less consistency to render Greek names according to their original spelling. In the interests of clarity we have adopted a compromise: generally geographical places and names of extant authors appear in their conventional Latinized form, other names in Greek spelling; but where this would lead to confusion we have not hesitated to be inconsistent. Apart from variations in the endings of names, the main equivalences are that Latin C represents Greek K, and the diphthongs Latin ae represents Greek ai. Where the difference in spelling is substantial, both forms are given in the index.
Preface to First Edition (1980) (#ulink_2e8c89a1-5ff1-53be-9221-5bd872262935)
THIS BOOK would have been very different if it had been written at the time of its conception, ten years ago. The difference is due not to myself, but to the work of the archaeologists whose publications I cite: in early Greek history no historian can be unaware of his debt to those who work in the field. If my approach is new, it is because I have tried to emphasize three aspects. Firstly, the role of concepts in history: man lives in his imagination, and his history is the history of ideas. Secondly, the unity of the eastern Mediterranean, and the importance of communication in fostering that unity. Thirdly, the significance of social customs for the understanding of all aspects of history. But it is no longer necessary to justify a book which spends as much space on the drinking habits and the sexual customs of the Greeks as on their political history; since Tolstoy, we have known that the breaking of the wave is the product of forces far out in the ocean of time.
My thanks are due to those who have read and commented on different chapters of the manuscript: Antony Andrewes, Paul Cartledge, John Davies, Penny Murray, Martin Ostwald, Mervyn Popham, Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood – and most of all, for his encouragement in unorthodoxy, to Russell Meiggs. Then to my skilled typist, Mary Bugge. Lastly, to those members of Fontana Paperbacks who have watched over the beginnings, the middle and the achievement of this series: Michael Turnbull (with whom the idea was first formulated), Bob Woodings, Colin Murray, and Helen Fraser – a succession of publishers whose enthusiasm and patience have carried the project through to completion.
Preface to Second Edition (1993) (#ulink_c6045ea6-91c6-5b43-89a7-d95349b75d68)
TWELVE YEARS on this little book takes on a different character; conceived as a call to change the way that history is understood, it has succeeded beyond my wildest dreams: translated into Spanish, German and Italian, it is in danger of becoming the new orthodoxy. I hope that a second generation of readers will view it critically, as a starting point for their own perceptions. My aim was and remains to demonstrate that history is not a fixed narrative of facts, but a continuing effort to understand the past and the interconnections between events.
Some chapters are little changed, either because they still satisfy me, or because they seem worth preserving as a basic statement from which subsequent research has proceeded. I am especially proud of two chapters: that on Euboean society (ch. 5) was the first attempt to bring together the scattered evidence in a coherent account; and it was due to chapter 6 that the ‘Orientalizing Period’ is now recognised as a significant age; it was this book which first took the concept from art history, and applied it to society as a whole. In other chapters new discoveries and new thoughts have led me to make significant revisions. One notable omission, the neglect of Peisistratid Athens, has been made good. The Further Reading section has been completely revised; and, when changes have not been made in the text, it often explains the reasons or refers to subsequent discussion of the question.
Reviewers were kind to the work; but I learned most from the longest and most critical of these reviews, by S.M. Perevalov in the Russian Journal of Ancient History 1983 no. 2, pp. 178–84. He pointed out a number of basic presuppositions behind my approach of which the reader should be aware. It is true that in the development of early Greece I have tended to emphasise external factors over internal social development; and it is true that I attribute especial importance to military developments and trade, rather than to land tenure and the development of slavery, as factors leading to change.
On this occasion I should like to thank especially Kai Brodersen of Munich, who was responsible for the elegant German translation, and for making many improvements to the text of the English version in the course of his work. Two new members of Fontana also deserve the thanks of all who read this series. The love of history and personal encouragement of Stuart Proffitt ensured the appearance of a second edition of the series, and Philip Gwyn Jones has patiently steered it through the press.
I (#ulink_53f140dd-0e90-5ad2-8c3c-608444745ec3)
Myth, History and Archaeology (#ulink_53f140dd-0e90-5ad2-8c3c-608444745ec3)
UNTIL A CENTURY AGO historians accepted the distinction first made in a slightly different form by the Greeks themselves, between legendary Greece and historical Greece. It was not of course an absolute distinction; the Greek legends about the age of heroes, and in particular the poems of Homer, were thought by many to be a distorted reflection of a real past, from which it might in principle be possible to discover what had actually happened, even if no reconstruction had yet won general acceptance. What was needed was a basis of solid fact against which to determine both the time-scale and the comparative reality of the events related in heroic myth.
This basis has been provided by archaeology. From 1870 to 1890 Heinrich Schliemann, a German merchant who left school at the age of fourteen and taught himself Greek in order to read Homer, excavated at Troy, at Mycenae, and at other sites in mainland Greece, in order to prove the reality of Homer’s Trojan War and the world of the Greek heroes. He discovered a great bronze age palace culture, centred on ‘Agamemnon’s palace’ at Mycenae; later archaeologists have added other palace sites in central and southern Greece, and have defined the limits of Mycenean influence as far as the Greek islands and Asia Minor. The age of heroes reflected the existence of a lost culture, which had lasted from about 1600 BC until the destruction of the main palace sites around 1200.
