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Collins Improve Your Writing Skills
Graham King
The essential guide to writing English, this book will help you to develop your written communication skills and to use language to express yourself clearly and correctly.Can you learn how to improve your writing skills? Can the art of good writing be taught? Despite what you might feel, the answer is yes – you can be taught. Everyone is capable of enhancing their powers of written communication simply by learning and practising the basic principles of clear, concise and coherent writing: planning, preparation, and revision. Using this book, your confidence will grow as you begin to appreciate that the English language is not a fearsome book of rules but an unrivalled communications tool that you can learn to use with the familiar ease of a knife and fork. The basic principle of this incredibly useful book is that ‘clarity begins at home’: say what you mean and you stand a better chance of getting what you want!
Contents
Cover (#ucaa69946-1bea-5104-8144-9371a9eacba3)
Title Page (#u2e347acc-0357-56a8-9619-33f2244ca2ae)
Introduction (#ulink_a3a77667-09fd-5543-ba78-d9262f57d39f)
From Here to Obscurity (#ulink_15ad5b99-dca3-5d0c-bc16-85886fbe18f6)
THE NO-GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY:
Obstacles to clear communication
The long, long trail a-winding: Circumlocution (#ulink_a7d9df42-538b-5c00-98ba-b76bacacd63e)
An utterly unique added extra: Tautology (#ulink_fb4af0c7-db5c-5468-b812-29dcd53da6fd)
Witter + Waffle = Gobbledegook (#ulink_e8a823e5-60ad-51a9-b495-e71801887633)
Smart talk, but tiresome: Jargon (#ulink_ac618737-e150-5a12-a830-8655fa97e5c6)
Saying it nicely: Euphemism (#ulink_4f859d78-0ffa-5c1a-b118-26f377ad0b62)
A word to the wise about Clichés (#ulink_39aa7668-d443-53d1-9fa6-e7b769909166)
CLARITY BEGINS AT HOME:
How to improve your powers of expression
Circumambulate the non-representational: Avoid the abstract (#ulink_7a9d1d5b-e593-5067-aadc-eaac968f0d55)
Overloading can sink your sentence (#ulink_f57db8d7-cda1-5305-8f85-95fa73ebf497)
Avoiding the minefield of muddle (#ulink_e8550954-4156-5713-b2c1-94b8d97eaa8f)
Measuring the murk with the FOG Index (#ulink_b7ac50f9-2f7b-52e4-bcbc-e6f083fd8478)
MAKING WORDS WORK FOR YOU:
A refresher course in Grammar and Punctuation
Punctuation needn’t be a pain: Stops, commas and other marks (#ulink_7f4a739a-1d00-56b2-86d3-2179e7a53a6e)
The building blocks of good writing: Grammar without grief (#ulink_202f2692-ed83-5c61-87b5-8e5f0e2983a6)
Writing elegant, expressive English: The elements of style (#ulink_f5af9627-ca58-5a87-b262-952dd3f4acfe)
Finding out: a word about dictionaries (#ulink_9f217e2d-602c-5cb0-8960-0ae7ef93a68f)
HOW TO WRITE A BETTER LETTER:
Say what you mean; get what you want
Communicate better with a well-written letter (#ulink_33586d50-f581-5ae5-a427-5cd95f15eb1e)
Relationships by post: Strictly personal (#ulink_f4c81179-89c1-5c53-ae2d-af8a2bd061bd)
Protecting your interests: Complaining with effect (#ulink_65fadb41-3c9b-55ca-b3b2-abb9785e4712)
Staying alive: Employer and employee (#ulink_ca2ac371-fca2-5de5-a670-bbf7afc23524)
Selling yourself: Creating a persuasive CV (#ulink_1ae5377c-0ede-549e-860f-7042dd966b08)
Getting it and keeping it: Money matters (#ulink_57539836-8040-5455-b259-1ea2021e03b5)
Writing in the new millennium: Word processing and E-mail (#ulink_7c3e750e-d2fe-5868-9cd7-e12716fca12f)
Index (#ulink_e59a23e5-88ff-5a4c-a423-39f39b9f84de)
Keep Reading (#uc6ced617-b0d9-564f-a971-df897a803c25)
About the Author (#ulink_d6d1ffdd-32b9-5f76-9b4c-4d1396f9f0dc)
Copyright (#ulink_4953d8d3-14f9-59a2-8435-7fb5c42f39c7)
About the Publisher (#ulink_4dfe8cb9-7cb4-538c-97e3-58c5273acdb2)
Introduction (#ulink_13505c91-cbe5-576f-8833-ab692d9bedbc)
Having picked up this book the odds are that you are a writer. Perhaps not a journalist or a novelist, but a writer nevertheless: of letters, memos, reports or even an occasional note to the milkman. You may keep a daily diary, or limit your output to greetings on Christmas cards once a year.
There is also a good chance that you suddenly have a need to write – a job application perhaps, a ticking off to the council, a heartfelt letter of condolence to a friend. Mind and pen poised, it slowly dawns on you that the gap between what you want to say and what hesitantly appears on the paper in front of you is as wide as an ocean.
Can you learn how to improve your writing skills? Can the art of good writing be taught? Despite some opinions to the contrary, the answer is yes. Writing is a highly personal accomplishment and while some will spectacularly develop native talents others will always find it a frustrating slog. But everyone is capable of enhancing their powers of written communication simply by learning and practicing the basic principles of clear, concise and coherent writing: planning, preparation and revision. Further improvement comes from observing examples of good and also bad writing, and your confidence as a writer will grow as you begin to appreciate that the English language is not a fearsome book of rules but an unrivalled communications tool that you can learn to use with the familiar ease of a knife and fork.
It is important at the outset that you are aware of the difference between speech and writing. You may think, ‘If only I could write as easily as I speak!’ Unfortunately it’s a wish that’s rarely granted. When we talk to someone face to face (or even over the phone) we can instantly correct mistakes and clarify misunderstandings, provide subtle nuances with a smile, a laugh or a shrug, add emphasis with a frown or tone of voice. But when we write something, we have just one shot to hit the bullseye so that whoever reads it understands it – precisely. Two millennia ago the Roman orator Cicero offered a pretty good tip: the point of writing is not just to be understood, but to make it impossible to be misunderstood.
The ability to write well is a valuable, life-enriching asset and Collins Good Writing Skills will help you towards this goal. Much of what you will read is the lifetime word wisdom of a veteran national newspaper sub-editor. Sub-editors are a newspaper’s front-line defence against inaccurate, ungrammatical, long-winded, repetitious and pompous writing – and thus the reader’s best friends. A group of Daily Telegraph sub-editors decided that a new shorter 60-word police caution was still too ponderous and proceeded to distil the same meaning into 37 words. Here is the 60-word version, devised by a Scotland Yard committee:
You do not have to say anything. But if you do not now mention something which you later use in your defence, the court may decide that your failure to mention it now strengthens the case against you. A record will be made of anything you say and it may be given in evidence if you are brought to trial.
And here is the revised, sub-edited version, clearer and shorter:
You need say nothing, but if you later use in your defence something withheld now, the court could hold this against you. A record of what you say might be used in evidence if you are tried.
No long or obtuse words, no flowery phrases – just crystal-clear prose that makes few demands on a reader’s time, holds the reader’s interest throughout and simply can’t be misunderstood. That is the kind of model this book recommends, although you will also be amused and appalled by dozens of other masterpieces of a vastly different kind – masterpieces of drivel and obscurity to drive home the sort of writing to avoid.
Into the jungle, with machete and pen
But first, let us be brave. We are about to hack our way through a jungle. The dense, tangled world of obscure and impenetrable language. Officialese. Circumlocution. Tautology. Gobbledegook. Jargon. Verbosity, pomposity and cliché. All the ugly growths that prevent us from understanding a piece of writing.
Perhaps the obstacle is a notice from our bank, the district council, the water, gas or electricity supply company, which for all we know might have a serious effect on our future. Or it may be a newspapaper or magazine article that makes us stop in mid-sentence to realise that we do not understand its meaning. Or perhaps it’s an advertisement for a job we might fancy . . . if only we knew what the wording meant.
This book, however, is not intended to help the baffled reader to fight through the thickets of spiky legalisms, prickly abstractions and tangled verbosity. Rather it is a guide to help you, the writer of the letter, memo, report or CV, to make sure your writing is clear of such obstacles to understanding.
Don’t be a sloppy copycat!
In business and bureaucracies, it is fatally easy to fall in with the writing habits of those around you: sloppy, vague and clumsy.
Yet most of us realise that a letter, memo or report from someone who knows how to write clearly and with precision is obviously more welcome, and read more keenly, than a dreary wodge of waffle and wittering.
Your own writing will be most effective when it is clear and direct. People who write in a straighforward way always shine out against the dim grey mass of Sloppies.
To be a good writer you have to write tighter
The usual advice on clear expression is: ‘Write as you speak’. But we have already concluded that unless you have special gifts or professional skills, this is virtually impossible. Perhaps the advice should be amended to: ‘Write as you speak – say what you mean, but make it tighter’.
One simple way to accomplish this is always to think economically. Less is often more. Some of the greatest thoughts and concepts in history have been expressed in surprisingly few words. The Ten Commandments are expressed in just 130 words; the Sermon on the Mount in 320, Kipling’s poem ‘If’ is less than 300 words long and the American Declaration of Independence was made in 485 words.
On the other hand a recent EEC internal memo on aubergine production and marketing issued in Brussels hit a word count of 9,800! Of all these, which would you think is the most readable?
The same applies to words: shorter is better. Many famous writers of the past were experts at saying what they meant in very few words, and simple, often one-syllable words at that. Milton and Shakespeare were deft users of simple words but for beauty achieved through sheer simplicity it is hard to beat Robert Herrick’s The Daffodils:
We have short time to stay, as you,
We have as short a spring;
As quick a growth to meet decay,
As you, or any thing.
We die,
As your hours do, and dry
Away,
Like to the summer’s rain;
Or as the pearls of morning’s dew
Ne’er to be found again.
With the exception of just a few words (decay, away, summer’s, etc) every word of this stanza is of a single syllable, perhaps symbolic of the brevity of life, and it is a model that every writer could aspire to.
Of course economy of expression isn’t everything and it can be misleading to argue the toss between long and short words, concrete or abstract nouns, active or passive voices. What is important is selecting the right word, and putting it in the right place for the right reason.
Before you begin to write . . . THINK!
Another English writer, William Cobbett, declared that ‘He who writes badly thinks badly’. You could usefully reverse this. A minute’s thought before a minute’s writing is advice worth thinking about, perhaps on the following lines:
What do I want to say?
Am I making just one main point, or several?
If several, what’s the order of importance?
You may find it worthwhile to jot down your points before starting your letter, or report, or story. Once you’ve organised your material you can then concentrate on expressing it in writing, getting the right words in the right places.
When you’ve completed your writing – and this is the vital bit – read it through and decide, as critically as you dare, whether you’ve got it right. Try to put yourself in the shoes of the reader. Is the meaning clear? Is it expressed directly? Is it interesting to read? How would I feel after reading it? If the answers to any of the first three questions is ‘no’ or even ‘well . . . ’ you should try to face up to rewriting it. Nobody pretends that rewriting isn’t an unwelcome task but the reward is worth it – the satisfaction of having improved upon your first effort. Of course, if you use a word processor the job of rewriting (often sentence by sentence or paragraph by paragraph) is easier.
Thinking before writing will help you avoid clangers like this paragraph from a bank’s letter to a customer:
We will not charge the £19 and £23 fee if your account had an average cleared credit balance of at least £500 during the period we were charging for. If you only pay a charge as a result of a charge you paid in the previous charging period, we will refund this second charge if you ask.
Pardon? Oddly enough, this piece of nonsense bore the Crystal Mark, the seal of clarity approved by the Plain English Campaign, which brings us to the two key organisations in Britain devoted to the elimination of drivel and gobbledegook and the encouragement of clear language and plain English.
The Golden Bull vs the Golden Rhubarb
The self-appointed guardian angel of our national tongue is Chrissie Maher, OBE, founder of the Plain English Campaign. Remarkably, Ms Maher, who was brought up by a widowed mother in a poor household in wartime Liverpool, did not learn to read or write until she was in her teens. The disability dogged her until, during a job interview with an insurance company, she admitted she was illiterate. Instead of rejection she was told she could have the job, provided she studied at night school; three years later she could read, write and count. In her adult life she went on to a degree course in sociology.
A deprived background made Chrissie Maher keenly aware of how uneducated people were fobbed off by officialese they couldn’t understand, and how they were often coerced into signing important documents and forms, with little idea about what the small print meant. When she came across a case in which an old lady died of hypothermia because she couldn’t understand the application form for a home heating grant, she decided to do something about it.
Maher launched the Plain English Campaign in 1979: since then, with its relentless exposure of bureaucratic pomp and absurdity, it has become both feared and admired. It prompted a government review which resulted in some 36,000 official forms being scrapped and another 60,000 rewritten to make them more easily understood. It is frequently hired by organisations to vet their forms and sales literature and issues a ‘Crystal Mark’ to commercial prose which passes its standards of clarity. To transgressors of simple English however, it issues its annual Golden Bull awards. Winners of this trophy – appropriately a pound of tripe – include the Department of Agriculture which defined cows, pigs and sheep as ‘grain-consuming animal units’, a car sales firm which described a used car as a ‘pre-enjoyed vehicle’, and the National Health Service for defining a bed as:
A device or arrangement that may be used to permit a patient to lie down when the need to do so is a consequence of the patient’s condition rather than a need for active intervention such as examination, diagnostic intervention, manipulative treatment, obstetric delivery or transport.
The more recent Plain Language Commission has identical objectives and issues its own annual awards – the Golden and Silver Rhubarb trophies for the year’s most baffling documents.
Both organisations waged a war of blunt words in 1995 when the Commission awarded NatWest Bank a silver trophy for what it called an example of the year’s worst gobbledegook in a booklet about mortgage rates, part of which read:
Depending upon the type of mortgage you have, repaying early can have certain financial consequencies [sic], for instance, early repayment of a mortgage and surrender of an endowment policy, may leave you with a small surrendering sum, which may not reflect the actual monies invested. Alternatively, cancellation of a life policy without considering future needs may ultimately mean increased premiums for the same amount of life cover in the future.
To the embarrassment of the Plain English Campaign, NatWest Bank had just been nominated for its ‘Crystal Clear Bank of Europe’ award for the ‘ease with which its literature could be understood’!
You may wonder, when the experts in concise, coherent communication disagree so profoundly, whether you will ever see the clear light of day through the other side of the jungle. But take heart and read on and you will learn how even the most dense thicket of verbiage can be trimmed and tamed.
From Here To Obscurity (#ulink_8483fc8f-58ff-5adf-bfa4-6d805aebc4c5)
If language can be like a jungle sometimes, officialese is the minefield laid among the thorny thickets and clinging creepers. And despite the successes of the Plain English teams, officials in government, local councils and other bureaucratic organisations still too often try to lure us into their baffling word mazes.
The language of officialdom can obliterate all meaning. Feel the undergrowth closing in as you try to fight your way out of this trap dug by the former Department of Health and Social Services . . .
The Case of the Crippled Sentence
