скачать книгу бесплатно
Highgate was also home to the son of Betsy’s elder sister Elin, who had married William Jones, a Criccieth farmer. Finally free of the upkeep of her two daughters, Rebecca had decided to ease her elder daughter’s burden by taking in one of her children. This was a fairly commonplace arrangement at a time when resources were strained and large families were the norm. The boy was named David Lloyd Jones, his Christian names the anglicised version of Dafydd Llwyd in memory of his grandfather. For Rebecca, the young David was more than another mouth to feed. He was an intelligent, bookish child who from an early age was marked out as the gifted member of the family. Rebecca devoted all her spare time to his development, much as she would to Betsy’s talented son in future years. In both name and upbringing, David Lloyd Jones was to be the precursor of his later, famous cousin. The young David was undoubtedly bright, but he was a sickly, delicate child, and William George doubted whether he had enough drive to find his way in the world. Nevertheless, he took him under his wing and acted as his mentor and teacher, encouraging him to read and take notes from his own small library of precious books. Space in the confined household was found for him to study, and candles allocated to his late-night study. As he read, others did his share of the household chores, and pennies were found to pay for paper, ink and other essentials.
When Betsy returned to Highgate after an absence of fifteen years, she took some of the burden of caring for the household from her mother’s shoulders. It was hard work: water needed to be carried daily from the village pump for cooking and washing, and the earth closet had to be tended with noisome regularity. Life did not progress smoothly for Betsy and William. William was experiencing difficulty in relearning the Welsh language, which disadvantaged him in a wholly Welsh-speaking area. Language issues apart, Llanystumdwy did not provide him with enough intellectual stimulation, and it seems that he was not entirely happy in his school in Pwllheli either. Betsy quickly fell pregnant, but the daughter born to them did not live long enough to be named. It was a crushing disappointment, and when Betsy discovered that she was pregnant again, fears of another tragedy in the cramped accommodation of Highgate were enough to drive the couple to seek better fortune elsewhere. William secured a teaching position in Newchurch, a small town near Blackburn in Lancashire, twenty miles or so from Manchester, and in 1861, only two years into their marriage, they took the stage-coach from Pwllheli to Caernarvon, from where they could travel by steamer to Liverpool. The fourteen-year-old David went with them, in the hope and expectation that he would qualify as a teacher under William’s watchful eye.
As soon as they reached their destination, Betsy and William summoned a doctor to examine David. He warned them that the boy was in danger of becoming consumptive, confirming their worst fears and reminding them of the threats to their own health. As the months passed, the restless William became increasingly disenchanted with life in Newchurch. The one piece of good news was the birth of a daughter, Mary Ellen (called Mary or Polly), in November 1861. By the following year, William had managed to get himself a temporary position in a mill-school in Manchester. The move would mean a return to unhealthy urban life, but William was desperate to leave Newchurch. He wrote to Richard Lloyd:
The place itself we could do with very well—though cold and rather damp, it is healthy—the air is much purer there than at Manchester, and neither of us could hold out long without pure air. It was the Newchurch school and the people connected with it that did not suit me; and I need not say that I did not suit them. Nearly all the ‘Directors’ are rough working men who had not the means to act liberally even if disposed to do so,—and besides my temper is such that I would rather be the master of work people than their servant.
(#litres_trial_promo)
The little family moved to take up lodgings at 5 New York Place, Chorlton-upon-Medlock, but this time David did not go with them. Aged fifteen, he was on the brink of independence, and William remembered the wrench of leaving home himself at a similar age. He sympathised, but he knew that David would have to make his own way. William hardened his heart and left the boy behind.
The Manchester school better suited William’s temperament, but his health deteriorated and he reluctantly concluded that he would have to give up his position and go back to the country. He could not act on this decision immediately, because Betsy was in the late stages of pregnancy, which meant that on 17 January 1863, Wales’ most famous politician was born in England. The new baby was named David Lloyd after his grandfather and his cousin.
Betsy was not strong, and her recovery from her third labour was slow, not helped by the difficulty of getting clean water to drink. William had decided to give up teaching altogether in favour of farming. He consoled himself with the thought that at last he might have time to fulfil his ambition of writing a book that would make his name. He still dreamed of becoming one of the foremost scholars of his generation. Sadly, like all his other dreams, it was not to be.
The family settled in South Pembrokeshire, a more naturally English-speaking area of the county, and from Bullford, a smallholding near Haverfordwest, William continued to watch over the career of the elder David. He involved his Liverpool friend Thomas Goffey in his attempts to get the boy a place as a schoolmaster, but by then David’s threatened consumption had taken hold, and his family’s hopes of a glittering career were dashed only a few years later, when he died at the age of twenty.
In the meantime, a different tragedy had engulfed the family. The move had failed to strengthen William George’s health. At the end of May 1864 he spent a day out in the fields attending to the hay harvest, and caught a chill. His condition quickly deteriorated, and Betsy took the unusual and expensive step of calling the doctor. There was nothing to be done. Pneumonia had set in, and on 7 June William died, at the age of forty-four.
Betsy was heartbroken. She was left alone with the financial burden of a smallholding as well as two small children to support. She might also have suspected, even at that early stage, that she had another baby on the way. The family’s small capital, amounting to only £640 (about £56,000 at today’s values), was invested in a Liverpool building society, but the interest was not enough to provide for their day-to-day needs. Betsy was effectively destitute. She gathered enough strength to send a telegram to her brother: ‘Tyrd Richard’ (Richard, come!). The two-word message summed up her helplessness and despair.
Richard set off at once. A journey that would take a few hours today took two and a half days, and when he reached Pembrokeshire he found his sister in a state of shock. Numbed by grief, Betsy had been unable to demonstrate any emotion since her husband had succumbed to his illness. When she saw the familiar face of her brother again, though, she dissolved into tears and threw herself into his arms. Richard immediately took the little family under his wing: he was to be their protector and guardian for the rest of his life.
Betsy was not altogether friendless in Pembrokeshire, and between them, Richard and Benjamin Williams of Trecoed made the funeral arrangements and disposed of the smallholding’s lease. The natural, and possibly only, option for Betsy was to take her children back to Llanystumdwy, and she wrote a pitiful letter to her husband’s Liverpool friend Thomas Goffey, mingling expressions of grief with requests for advice on winding up William’s affairs.
Dear Mr Goffey,
I am greatly obliged by your kind letter received the 18th inst. Indeed I cannot tell you what a source of consolation it has been to me in my deep affliction—Well I may believe that my dear husband was your ‘dearest friend’ and that he was highly esteemed by all his friends there, for such he always considered you and his respect for all his friends in Liverpool was very much. It is a comfort to me to think how much he was beloved by all his numerous friends. Oh! What a dear husband I have lost…
I cannot tell you now when I leave the South—We are trying to find a person to take the place that will pay me something for the lease—and to take the crop under valuation…Some months ago my dear husband thought he was going to lose me—When I recovered he said—I was walking about without knowing what to do. If that would be the case I was determined to leave the place at once—I couldn’t stop on a day here but it was me that was to stay and how hard it is upon me to be here after him.
(#litres_trial_promo)
William George was laid to rest in Trewrdan Cemetery. A few days later Betsy packed up the family’s home, and a sale of surplus furniture was held to raise funds for the journey north. Betsy’s feelings on seeing her belongings dispersed and her home broken up ran so deep that she would never be able to discuss that period in her life. As they grew up, her children learned not to ask about Pembrokeshire or their father, in order to spare their mother’s feelings. One thing she did reveal was that the two toddlers, Polly and David, aged only three years and eighteen months respectively, were nevertheless old enough to share her grief. As neighbours and friends carried pieces of furniture out of the front door and down the path to the gate, the two children took the heaviest stones they could lift and rolled them across the path in a futile attempt to block the way. It was the best they could do to keep their home and possessions from disappearing.
The journey back to Criccieth was nightmarish. The family—Richard, Polly, David and a now obviously pregnant Betsy—carrying their entire worldly goods, travelled by rail as far as Caernarvon, and then journeyed on to Llanystumdwy by carriage. Betsy had to decide which possessions to leave behind, but one thing was certain: she was not going to give up her husband’s treasured book collection. The little library was carefully packed up, carried all the way to Highgate and put back in the parlour they had left only three years previously. Physically weakened and emotionally distraught, Betsy sank back onto the family hearth, lucky to have avoided the workhouse misery of many other widows.
It soon became apparent that young David had all the talent of the first David Lloyd, and added to it his father’s dreams of greatness. He also had a robust constitution, and this time Rebecca, Richard and Betsy were determined that the story would not end in tragedy. The tale of David Lloyd George’s upbringing, and his family’s nurturing of his prodigious talent, was to be one of the most remarkable of any politician of his time.
2 The Cottage-Bred Man (#ulink_fc4c2b34-a7f4-5d7e-bccf-519f4fa806aa)
HOME AGAIN IN LLANYSTUMDWY, Betsy finally gave way to grief and ill-health. She had been deeply in love with her husband, and although she had been concerned about his health, there had been no major alarms to prepare her for his sudden death. The change in her circumstances overwhelmed her sensitive nature and rendered her physically and emotionally incapacitated. After a few months her second son was born, and was named William after his father. Betsy was too weakened to share the burden of housework or even to look after her baby: William recalled being bathed by his grandmother in a large earthenware basin on the kitchen floor because his mother was too ill to look after him.
(#litres_trial_promo)
Into the breach stepped the redoubtable Rebecca. She was already running the household and the shoemaking business, which she had kept going during her son’s four-month mercy dash to Pembrokeshire. Now she took on the care of her invalid daughter, two young children and a newborn. Fortunately, Rebecca had enough practicality and stamina for all of them. She also understood what her daughter was going through, since she too had been widowed at an early age and had struggled to make ends meet. Rebecca was over sixty by this time, but she kept the reins firmly in her capable hands, and remained the head of the household until the day she died.
In order to provide for her family Rebecca had to make a success of the shoemaking business, and at times she surprised her family with her diplomatic skills. She would often take her young grandson David Lloyd George with her on long walks in the hills surrounding Llanystumdwy, and he inherited her love of walking, together with her belief in fresh air as the cure for all ills. They would often call at remote farms where, not entirely coincidentally, a shoemaking account was overdue. Rebecca would never mention it herself, but the embarrassed farmer’s wife inevitably did. A copy of the bill would then be produced from Rebecca’s pocket, where it had lain, by chance of course, and the account would be settled with friendly relations maintained.
Living quarters were cramped in the small cottage. Rebecca took Betsy and little Mary Ellen to sleep with her in the larger of the upstairs rooms, while Richard shared his quarters with David and William, who slept together in a narrow wainscot bed. The small inheritance that Betsy had invested in the Liverpool building society gave her a modest, fluctuating income of up to £46 (£4,039 today) a year. She could at least pay her way—for now. This was important to bolster her pride, for dependence on family was only one step away from charity, and both her upbringing and her religion, with their emphasis on selfreliance, led her to shrink from accepting handouts.
Eventually Betsy grew stronger, and she was able to take over more of the running of the house, with its never-ending demands of fires to tend, rooms to clean and bread to bake. She had not been well for very long, though, when a second unexpected blow took away her main support. In 1868, Rebecca died at the age of sixty-five. The head of the family, whose unwavering faith and unrelenting selfdiscipline had been its bedrock, followed her husband to the grave after twenty-nine years of widowhood. The family rallied round once more—indeed, they had very little choice. Richard took charge of the business, and Betsy ran the house. All three children were deemed old enough to take on their share of the chores, and life took on a new rhythm.
Although she suffered throughout her life from ill-health, Betsy always seemed able to summon up a reserve of strength when her children were in need. Following Rebecca’s death she held the family together, and was by all accounts a skilful and resourceful housewife. Highgate was rented from David Jones, the village shopkeeper, who lived by a simple creed, ‘The rent is mine, the house is yours,’ and refrained from carrying out even the most basic repairs to his properties. For a rent of £7 per annum (£547 today) Betsy and Richard were left to their own devices in maintaining the fabric of the crumbling cottage. Betsy had to turn her hand to household repairs as well as the washing and baking. The latter was a particular challenge, since the ancient oven at Highgate was on its last legs. Every week Betsy would patch up the holes in its sides with brown paper, and pray that her handiwork would last until the bread was baked.
Betsy established an unvarying routine: Monday was washing day, Thursday was baking day. Chores and social obligations filled the other four working days of the week. Sunday was reserved for three chapel services, with a three-mile round trip to each one. This might have seemed like an additional chore to a less devout person, but it was Betsy’s main comfort in a life of unrelenting hard work. She gave no sign that she ever considered remarrying. Perhaps the strength of her feelings for her late husband prohibited it. In any case, there were not many eligible men in the village at a time when ambitious young men headed for towns or ports to earn a living.
Betsy spent her forties raising three children, keeping house for her brother, and thanking God that she was not completely alone in the world. She had matured into a kind, sympathetic and attractive woman, rather small, according to her elder son, but with a good figure and a soft, sweet voice.
(#litres_trial_promo) ‘She was a fine character,’ he wrote in a memoir, ‘—gentle, unselfish and courageous. She never complained and never spoke of her struggles. It was not till long after that her children fully appreciated how much they owed to her, and how fine her spirit had been in the hard task of bringing up her fatherless family.’
(#litres_trial_promo) Her widowhood had left its mark, and although Betsy could sometimes enjoy a joke, she was a serious woman. She was also proud, refusing to let her sons join their friends in weed-picking for sixpence a time. Rebecca had taught her to be a disciplined housekeeper, a ‘mistress of method’ in the home, a good cook and generous in giving hospitality.
(#litres_trial_promo) She allowed herself few pleasures, but one exception was her fondness for flowers. She grew a rose vine to cover the front of the house. Its flowers bloomed in a splendid display through the summer months, and it was not unusual for the family to overhear strangers on the road outside exclaiming at their beauty.
Betsy inherited Rebecca’s independence of spirit, if not her strength of character, and her gentle demeanour masked a strong adherence to her parents’ beliefs and values. She was proud to be part of the same Welsh-speaking, chapel-going class. The ladies of Trefan, the nearby estate, were often driven past Betsy’s door by their uniformed coachman, but Betsy did not envy them, nor did she feel inferior, and she made sure that her children took pride in their position in life too. When they were older, David and William were both offered positions as pupil-teachers in their school, one of the few ways a bright village lad could get on in the world and escape a life of manual labour. But the offer carried a sting in its tail. Because the school was sponsored by the Anglican Church, pupil-teachers were required to join the Church and renounce their nonconformism, a condition that most, willingly or under duress, fulfilled. When the idea was discussed in Highgate, Betsy exclaimed that she would rather see her boys growing up to break stones on the roadside than turn their backs on the little chapel at Pen-y-Maes. The issue was never broached again.
In common with other nonconformists of the period Betsy was a firm follower of the temperance movement, and regarded alcoholic drink as an evil influence on society. Richard Lloyd was of the same view, although, with characteristic modesty, he rarely spoke his mind on the matter or criticised others. His influence locally was such, however, that many years later, when he was helping out at his nephews’ law practice in Criccieth, the firm’s landlady was obliged to evict them. She reluctantly revealed that the public house opposite had complained that thirsty customers were afraid to enter by the front door in case Richard Lloyd spied them through the window of his office. Betsy and Richard’s influence was so strong on Lloyd George that he never set foot in a public house until adulthood, and although he drank wine and whisky in moderation in later life, he hated drunkenness, and regarded with contempt anyone who drank to excess. With Betsy though, principle would not stand in the way of kindness, and she would invite the village drunk, William Griffith, into the house to sober up by the fire before sending him home.
The shoemaking business and Betsy’s savings provided enough of an income for the family to live on. They were certainly not well off, but the children did not want for anything either. ‘Comfortable, but thrifty and pinched’ was Lloyd George’s description of Highgate.
(#litres_trial_promo) The children never had both butter and jam on their bread—it was one or the other—and the great treat on Sundays was half an egg each at breakfast. The family only felt the sting of real hardship after moving to Criccieth in 1880, when Richard had to give up the shoemaking business and the financial demands of giving the boys a good start in the world increased. At Highgate, Betsy’s careful husbandry made sure that there was enough to go around. She would spend hours mending the children’s clothes or altering her elder son’s cast-offs for William. Her pride demanded that her children were well dressed, and she was rewarded when Mrs Evans, the well-born wife of the local schoolmaster, remarked that ‘William George and his brother are the best-dressed children in school.’
(#litres_trial_promo)
Even in these years, however, the family encountered hard times when Betsy’s investment income fluctuated or the shoemaking business dipped. These difficulties were enough to drive the already highlystrung Betsy to despair. Her asthmatic attacks were often severe, terrifying her young children, who watched helplessly as their mother struggled for breath. Richard knelt by her side rubbing her hand and muttering soothing words, but comfort came only in the form of religion. Once, Betsy was in tears after failing to make ends meet, when she caught sight of an article in a periodical. The transformation that came over her face was so striking that more than half a century later, William set out to see what it contained. The article, by one D. Morris, was headed ‘The Bible, the Destitute and the Widow’, and listed thirty passages from the Bible offering hope and comfort to those in Betsy’s situation. Her faith had come to her rescue yet again.
Betsy’s strength and vitality were slowly sapped by years of raising children under the constant shadow of financial hardship. She was never a strong woman, and her health held out just long enough for her to see her family grow to maturity. The children were in their teens before she became too ill to carry on. From then on the main responsibility for guiding her children was passed to Richard Lloyd, who, fortunately, was temperamentally and intellectually ideally suited to the task. Richard Lloyd was a stern taskmaster who earned his nephews’ obedience and respect, but like many men of the time, he left the task of disciplining the children to Betsy. She could never bring herself to punish David Lloyd. She spoiled him: he was never made to dress himself or even find his own socks, something that had ‘a marked effect’ on him in later life, according to his mistress.
(#litres_trial_promo) He grew to rely on his mother’s approval and unconditional love, and took an interest in every detail of her daily life even when he was married and living largely in London. Lloyd George’s last letter to her, two days before she died in 1896, reveals his anxious concern:
My dearest Mother,
…What you ought to do as long as the heat lasts is to take absolute rest…You must not try to be housekeeper, housemaid, cook and maid of all work in one. Just you sit down in the coolest room of the house and boss the lot of them. Give orders. I know they will all be pleased to obey and if they do not just you give them that tongue a bit of which your eldest son has inherited from you…Go out in the cool of the evening but don’t walk in this hot weather. It is more than anyone can do with any comfort. Let them get you a bathchair with Woodhart or someone else to wheel it. The approach to [the house] is so steep that it is most tiring for anyone, even in the best of weathers to walk it. You should not do so on any account as long as this terrible heat lasts. I am sure William will see to that…
It is a good thing that you have such a store of pluck to bear you up…I will back my good old Mother against the whole lot of them…
Your fond boy,
Dei
(#litres_trial_promo)
As an invalid, Betsy would play an increasingly marginal role in her son’s life, but she was still able to take pride in his achievements, and in particular his growing fame. ‘I am glad that ‘rhen wraig [the old woman] got some satisfaction from her parentage of her eldest son,’ Lloyd George wrote to his brother in 1895. ‘She had a good deal of trouble with him in his younger days & I know of no one who made a braver & a more heroic fight to bring up her children respectably & to give them a fair start. She deserves all the feeling of elation which a contemplation of their success affords her.’
(#litres_trial_promo) Betsy lived to see Lloyd George elected to Parliament three times before her death at the age of sixty-eight.
The circumstances of her life and the age in which she was born led Betsy to live her life for and through her children. She accepted her situation stoically and, like Rebecca, kept her eyes firmly fixed on the rewards of the next life. Betsy inspired great devotion among those who appreciated her gentle, kind nature. She doted on her children, and indulged them as far as she could within the limits of her resources. They loved her deeply in return. In later life, Lloyd George prized liveliness and independence of mind in his female companions, yet he looked for different things in his domestic life: comfort, serenity and steadfastness. Betsy was the first woman who provided him with the domestic nurturing and adoration he needed.
Betsy succeeded on the whole in keeping her cares and worries from her children, and the three young Georges had a happy existence in Highgate. They adapted quickly to their new surroundings, which Lloyd George found ‘picturesque, beautiful and inspiring’.
(#litres_trial_promo) Their games were those of country children: catching songbirds in the hedgerows, playing soldiers in the woods and throwing sticks in the fast-flowing river. Climbing trees was a favourite activity, especially if it was rewarded with cherries or apples from a neighbour’s orchard. Novelty was provided by the sight of four steaming horses pulling heavy cartloads of building materials through the village to the site where the local squire, Sir Hugh Ellis-Nanney, was building his new mansion, Gwynfryn. Treats included walking to Criccieth to fetch two pennyworth of treacle in a tin can and sampling a little on the way home, and, on baking day, soaking chunks of newly baked bread in buttermilk and anticipating the delights of rice pudding.
Household chores were divided up between the children. Polly helped her mother with the housework, learning to bake, clean and attend the washing, while William was sent daily to fetch a large bucket of water from the village well. David, known as Davy or Davy Lloyd, preferred to be outdoors, and his task was to tend the garden. He had inherited his mother’s green fingers, and loved to find rare plants on his long country walks to plant in the plot of land behind the cottage. One such find was a rare ‘royal fern’. It flourished at Highgate, and was so highly prized that it was dug up and transplanted to the garden of Morvin House when the family moved to Criccieth.
Davy was also in charge of gathering firewood for the household, a task in which he took immense pride. Among the many factors that made him one of the most successful orators of his time was his ability to use details from his childhood to illustrate a point, enabling him to form a point of contact with his audience. In a defiant speech defending his controversial 1909 budget, he recalled: ‘I am not afraid of storms. It wasn’t in a period of fine weather that we used to go to the woods to gather firewood when I was a boy. Not at all; we went after a big storm had struck the wood and littered the ground with broken branches. I’m telling you that after this storm has passed, there will be plenty of firewood to warm the hearths of old people and to brighten the lives of the poor.’
(#litres_trial_promo)
The children had a secure childhood, protected by their uncle and indulged by their mother. Yet they could not entirely escape the manifestations of injustice in the social order. Even in the quiet backwater of Llanystumdwy, landlords wielded their near-absolute power over tenants with harrowing consequences. For the children, this meant that a walk through the woods involved avoiding the estate gamekeepers at all costs. The owners of Trefan were kind individuals who allowed local children to play on the estate’s land as long as they respected the livestock and did not disturb nesting birds. Their keepers, and those of Sir Hugh Ellis-Nanney, were a different breed altogether. The George brothers escaped their clutches by a hair’s breadth on numerous occasions. They knew that a widow in the village had had to send her son away for good to escape dire punishment after being caught with a hare killed on private land.
The benign presence of the Trefan ladies in the village, and the fact that the Ellis-Nanney family sponsored the local school, did not disguise the extent of the landlords’ power. In effect, the village was controlled by the squire and the parson, two all-powerful figures whose intervention could at a stroke destroy a lifetime’s work for tenants or parishioners. In 1868, when Davy Lloyd George was five years old, that power had banished some of his schoolmates from the village in an outrageous and vindictive act of revenge. The cause was the general election of that year, when the electorate dared return a Liberal candidate, the Welsh-speaking nonconformist Love Jones-Parry, instead of the local landowner Baron Penrhyn’s son, George Douglas-Pennant. Since the ballot was public, not secret as it became in 1872, disobedient tenants were easily identified. Flying in the face of democracy, compassion and common sense, the landlords retaliated. Families were turned out of their homes and robbed of their livelihoods as farms, shops and workshops had to be left behind. It was said that eighty men who worked in the Penrhyn slate quarry lost their jobs. For a family thrown out on the streets the only options were to rely on charity—something no proud nonconformist would willingly accept—or to move away to seek employment elsewhere. Thus, at an impressionable age the young George children saw some of their playmates in Llanystumdwy forced to leave the village, their families rendered destitute by the landlords. It was an injustice that burned into their consciousnesses, and one that Lloyd George never forgot.
At the age of three, Polly was the first of the George children to leave the hearth and join the procession of girls and boys marching daily to the village school. In September 1866 she was joined by her brother Davy Lloyd, with William following in 1868. The Llanystumdwy National School was established in 1851, in a two-roomed building next to the church. The majority of the pupils were from nonconformist families and spoke nothing but Welsh, but in school they adhered to Church rituals and learned to speak and write only in English.
Girls and boys of all ages were taught together by David Evans, an excellent teacher, able to bring his subjects to life and to excite young minds, and his staff of two pupil-teachers. There were seven standards, ranging from infants upwards, and school inspectors decided when each child was ready to progress to the next. After a year in the seventh standard, at around the age of fourteen most pupils were considered ready to leave school, but for especially gifted pupils David Evans offered a year’s further teaching, which he called standard 7X. The chosen ones would sit at a table close to Evans’ own desk, and would often be offered the chance to become pupil-teachers at the end of the year.
The curriculum consisted of the three ‘R’s plus geography, history and, for the brightest, a little algebra. Naturally for a school in a coastal area, a number of school leavers went to sea each year, so navigation was taught as an extra subject for recently-departed pupils bound for the ports of Porthmadoc and Pwllheli. David Evans also indulged his own interest in jurisprudence, which opened the eyes of at least a few of his pupils to the possibilities of a career in law. Reading was encouraged, but literature was available only to the lucky few like the George children who had books at home.
Welsh literature or history played no part in children’s formal education. They were given, in effect, the same education as their contemporaries in England, with no attempt to teach them about their own country or to connect with their community. The prevailing attitude among the (English-speaking) school authorities was that the Welsh language should be beaten out of children and replaced with the English of the Empire. It did not occur to them that the English language might not be of much use to children who would grow up to be farmers, shopkeepers, craftsmen and labourers in a wholly Welsh-speaking area, or that bilingualism was in itself a good thing. Instead, the use of Welsh was fiercely discouraged, and the use of severe force to punish children caught speaking their natural language was widespread. Polly and her brothers did not have to leave their home to hear of one: Richard Lloyd had been caught speaking Welsh to a schoolmate one day at school. The teacher struck him on the side of the head with such force that he permanently lost the hearing in one ear.
In addition to the National Schools, Sunday Schools were run by both churches and chapels. The nature and quality of the instruction given was very different. Church Sunday Schools were attended mainly by children, and concentrated on scriptural study. Inspired teaching could make these sessions enjoyable and rewarding, but in most places they descended into mere rote-learning. The Welsh-language, nonconformist Sunday Schools were attended by the whole congregation, either after the main morning service or in a separate afternoon session. They began with Bible readings, hymns and prayers before the congregation divided into classes, each occupying a separate area among the pews in chapel. Classes were sometimes single-sex, and were divided according to age. Each had its own teacher, and although these were occasionally professional teachers, like William George senior, they came mostly from the ranks of the better-educated adult members. Teachers would read passages of the Bible and discuss doctrinal issues like ‘The Fall of Man’ and ‘The Universality of the Flood’, according to the age and understanding of class members. Children were taught more than the Bible in these sessions: they were taught to read, to debate, to sing solfa and to engage in question-and-answer sessions with the adults. Sessions would close with a simultaneous catechising of the whole congregation, prayers and hymn-singing. For those without any other access to education, Sunday Schools provided a level of basic skills that was, literally, a godsend.
The importance of Sunday Schools emerged even in the government’s disastrous review of education in Wales in 1847. The review was prompted by Welshmen like William Williams MP who were concerned about standards, and three commissioners were appointed to investigate and report. The commissioners—none of whom was Welsh or had ever lived in Wales—reported that the conditions in which Welsh children were taught were ‘dreadful’ even by contemporary standards: only just over half of Welsh bridegrooms could sign their names. In some areas Sunday Schools were the only form of education available. The report was coloured throughout by the commissioners’ lack of understanding. It neglected to point out that children who spoke only Welsh received their entire education through the medium of English, which even their teachers barely spoke. Such was the travesty of the report that it came to the conclusion that nonconformism encouraged immorality. As anyone with even a passing acquaintance with Calvinistic Methodism could attest, nothing could have been further from the truth.
The furore over the report increased the sectarian and linguistic differences between English—and Welsh-speakers. Thirty years later, the obvious disconnect between the Welsh nonconformist chapels and the English-language, Church-ritualised school in Llanystumdwy still jarred. Torn between the two, the pupils were close to open rebellion. In the young Davy Lloyd, they found their natural leader.
The occasion was the visit of the school inspectors, regarded as an opportunity for the schoolmaster to demonstrate the good behaviour and academic prowess of his charges. The inspectors, the Misses Evans of Trefan and Sir Hugh Ellis-Nanney, visited the school every year. The children were marched in single file in front of them, and made to recite the catechism in English, but in 1875 the twelve-year-old Davy Lloyd decided that the event would not go smoothly. He had been brought up at the knee of a Baptist preacher in a devout and proud family. Nonconformists had fought hard to be allowed to worship according to their faith: it was not long since persecution had been commonplace, with dissenters forced to attend church services or face dire consequences.
Young Davy Lloyd was already a leader among his schoolmates, one of whom remembered him as a child of three or four standing on the stairs at home, ‘preaching’ to his assembled friends below. For a determined, independent boy, it made no sense to have to memorise and recite the Church text. Furthermore, it was an insult to have to pretend to be an Anglican, and worst of all for a Baptist boy, to have to attest that he was given his name at christening, which was against the most specific teaching of his denomination. Having suffered the indignity every year, he now decided to organise a rebellion, and persuaded every child in the school to turn mute when invited to recite the catechism. When Mr Evans stepped forward and indicated to the children that it was time to begin, his prompt was met with stony expressions and silence. The utterly bewildered schoolmaster tried again. ‘I believe…’ he repeated hopefully, but to no avail. It was a tense moment, for the visitors behind him were not only inspectors but also his employers. Finally, after what seemed like an age, William George could not bear to see the well-liked Mr Evans get into trouble, and shouted ‘I believe!’ One by one his classmates joined in, and the catechism was given in full.
This incident is rightly famous, and much has been made of the evidence it provides of the young Lloyd George’s precociousness and refusal to conform. The protest was entirely successful: the children were never again asked to recite the catechism at school, and while legend has it that Davy gave his brother a good thrashing afterwards—which William George always denied—there is no record of the ringleader himself having been punished at all. It may be that Mr Evans never came to know who had led the rebellion, but it certainly proved that Davy Lloyd George was a boy who got away with things. He had guts and a great deal of charm, and he used both to the full. This combination, even during his school years, was particularly effective with women, and got him out of all kinds of trouble. One of many incidents occurred when an Irish labourer working on the Ellis-Nanney mansion took offence at the way in which a group of village boys were teasing his daughter. He was a big man, and known to have a violent temper. As he approached the boys, they wisely scattered and he grabbed at the nearest, who happened to be Davy. ‘Not that one!’ cried the little girl anxiously, ‘Not that one!’ Davy was spared a thrashing because of a susceptible female supporter. He also had two adoring female supporters at home in Rebecca and Betsy, both of whom indulged and spoiled him. He grew up to expect the admiration of women and to rely on their loyalty.
As their three charges grew from children to teenagers, Betsy and Richard were determined to give them the best start possible in life. It was assumed from early childhood that Davy would be the outstanding one of the three, but the other two were also encouraged to ‘get on’, although with the clear understanding that they would play a supporting role in Davy’s life if he needed them.
This was perhaps most understandable in the case of Polly. She left school at the age of fourteen, and was not invited to stay on for an extra year. Schools were not designed to provide the same education for girls and boys. Boys needed to make their way in the world; girls needed only enough instruction to be useful wives and mothers. An educationalist wrote as late as 1911 that ‘boys needed instruction in courage, self-control, hard work, endurance and protection of the weak. Girls needed to be taught gentleness, care for the young and helpless, interest in domestic affairs and admiration for the strong and manly character in men.’ Without her uncle’s financial support Polly would have had to choose between going into service and staying at home to help her mother, but Richard Lloyd enrolled her in Miss Wheatley’s private girls’ school in Criccieth. The school took boarding pupils from better-off local families for a year or two to teach them deportment and other useful subjects. A private education was a real advantage to a young woman. It enhanced her marriage prospects, and would enable her to get a better position as a governess or lady’s companion if she did not marry.
Polly was expected to stay at the school for two or more years, but she had been away for only two terms when Betsy’s health gave way. The family could not afford to pay for help to look after her younger brothers and to keep house for her mother and uncle: there was no choice but to bring Polly back. Any chance she had of building a different life for herself disappeared as she returned to Llanystumdwy, although it was not immediately apparent that Polly could not continue her studies and pursue a career: in 1884 her brother David Lloyd wrote in his diary that he was determined that Polly should train as a doctor: ‘I contemplate with absolute contempt and disgust the husband-waiting for, the waiting-for-someone-to-pick-me-up policy of the girl of the period…Why shouldn’t [Polly] go in for being a doctor? The idea struck me with great force today. She shall.’
(#litres_trial_promo) Despite his good intentions the family’s income could not stretch that far, and Polly’s ambitions were sacrificed for those of her brothers.
For the boys, it was to be very different. If they could not be teachers, David Lloyd and William needed some other profession, and Mr Evans with his love of jurisprudence, or perhaps the memory of Mr Goffey in Liverpool, brought to mind a career in law. For William it meant a steady career with good money to be made. For Davy, whose brilliant mind and natural leadership qualities had already marked him out, the law was a respectable way to embark on a career in public life.
William’s role in supporting David’s political career is widely (and justly) acknowledged. He did not seem to resent the universal assumption that his brother was destined for greater things, nor did he demand the kind of attention that flowed David’s way. Described by his daughter-in-law as ‘the kindest man I ever met’,
(#litres_trial_promo) William was different from his brother David in almost every respect. Devout, truthful and patient, he resembled both his father and Richard Lloyd. He accepted without demur that he needed to work to support the entire family while his brother pursued his (unpaid) political career, and he even denied himself the prospect of marriage and children for many years while all his income was needed to support Betsy, Richard, Polly and his brother’s family. A truly remarkable man, he lived his life in his brother’s shadow with exceptionally good grace; only David’s colourful private life ever caused more than an occasional coolness between the two.
As for Davy Lloyd, Richard Lloyd believed that he had a prodigy on his hands. ‘This boy will be famous!’ he exclaimed, and the whole family set about making it happen. The Lloyd/George family turned itself into an organisation to support David, and every resource at its disposal was unhesitatingly put to use. Richard Lloyd discussed his nephew’s progress with Mr Evans the schoolmaster, and watched over his studies at home. The young Davy combined natural aptitude with a love of reading. His favourite subjects were geography and history, and he had a good head for figures. In later life he told his son, only half-jokingly, that he had realised he was a genius while reading Euclid at the top of an oak tree. But, genius or not, he would have to pass his preliminary law examination before he could get on the first rung of the ladder by persuading a firm of solicitors to take him on as an apprentice. The examination required a specific programme of study, and Davy used his extra year in school to prepare himself, aided by the willing Mr Evans.
Davy Lloyd was fortunate in his broad-minded and scholarly teacher, but he was equally fortunate in his uncle and mentor. Richard Lloyd—known fondly within the family as ‘Uncle Lloyd’—was no ordinary cobbler: he was a craftsman who could turn his hand as easily to a pair of high-topped boots trimmed in yellow wash leather for the Trefan coachman as to repairing a working man’s boots. He was as devout as his father before him, and had followed in his footsteps to become the ordained minister of Capel Ucha, as a result of which his workshop was the gathering place for village intellectuals. He was renowned for the care he took of his congregation and the wisdom of his advice, readily given to those who dropped by during the day. He kept a scrap of paper or a piece of discarded leather in a niche in the wall by his side as he worked so that he could jot down a thought or a phrase to use in his sermons.
In 1841 the congregation of Capel Ucha had broken off from the Scotch Baptists to join ‘The Disciples of Christ’, the followers of Baptist preacher Alexander Campbell. They clung to an even more literal interpretation of the Bible, with an emphasis on simple living and an almost puritanical modesty. The denomination was even smaller than the Scotch Baptists, but was then, as now, strongest in the United States, where three Presidents—Garfield, Johnson and Reagan—were baptised into its ranks. There was a narrow but clear doctrinal difference between the Disciples of Christ and the Baptists, and they remain a separate denomination in the USA, although in the UK they joined the Welsh Baptist Union in the 1930s.
The Disciples of Christ were a modest and unassuming denomination. Richard Lloyd would painstakingly explain that they did not claim that they alone were disciples of Christ, rather that they were disciples of Christ alone. As well as adhering to a literal interpretation of the Bible, they believed that it was unlawful for Christians to treasure wealth on earth by putting it aside against future times. They believed that fasting and prayer were essential, and that it was a Christian’s duty to marry within the faith. They dressed modestly at all times, and it was deemed obscene for women to wear gold, jewels or expensive clothes, or even to plait their hair. Likewise, it was considered an affectation for preachers to wear black: the Disciples’ preachers wore their Sunday best in the same way as their congregations.
In February 1875 Davy and his sister Polly were baptised in the small stream that ran past Capel Ucha. Uncle Lloyd conducted the ceremony, but did not record why his nephew was baptised at the unusually early age of twelve, rather than fifteen, as was customary. The boy’s precocity had always prompted special treatment, and perhaps there is no more to it than that. Baptism was a serious matter to the Lloyds and the Georges. It was a solemn ceremony that signified acceptance of the faith of the Church, and rebirth through total immersion in water as an adult member of the congregation.
It would have been cold as Richard Lloyd dammed the stream to form a pool of water for the baptism. Nevertheless, he waded into the water as he did for each baptism ceremony, and stood waist-high to receive the candidates who waited on the bank. When it was Davy’s turn, Uncle Lloyd asked him solemnly if he believed in God, Father, Son and Holy Ghost, and then if he would promise, with the help of Jesus Christ, to love and serve God for the rest of his life. The boy answered with the customary ‘I do!’ and waded out to join his uncle in the cold flowing water. Richard Lloyd baptised David Lloyd George in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, and then, supporting his nephew in his strong arms, plunged him momentarily under the surface of the water. Dripping wet, Lloyd George made his way back to the waiting congregation before taking his first communion inside the chapel. It was to be a turning point in his life, not because of its religious significance, but because he decided from that day onward to adopt the ‘Lloyd’ in his name as a second surname, in tribute to the man who raised him. He was no longer Davy Lloyd, but David Lloyd George.
(#litres_trial_promo)
The religious intensity of the ceremony, however, was too much for the independent-minded Lloyd George. That night as he lay in bed he experienced a dramatic anti-conversion. It occurred to him suddenly, with perfect clarity, that everything he had been taught about religion, and even the Bible itself, was nothing more than unfounded imaginings. He saw an image of his family’s deepest-held beliefs collapsing around him like a building falling into ruin.
(#litres_trial_promo) He sat bolt upright in bed and shouted out loud that God and all the things he had been taught were but a dream.
Lloyd George fully realised the significance of the revelation. He tried to pray, but when he closed his eyes he heard only his own voice echoing in the emptiness. He had a sleepless night, but kept his feelings to himself for some time before tentatively confessing to Uncle Lloyd. Demonstrating the wisdom for which he was renowned, Richard Lloyd reacted calmly. He told the boy that it was natural to doubt, and that his faith would return in due course. Lloyd George was not so sure. Religion had lost its hold on him. He continued to obey the rules of his upbringing, when his family were around at least, but more to appear respectable than out of conviction. He continued to attend, and even to enjoy, chapel services with his family, but he experienced them as a spectator rather than as a believer. He loved the ‘theatre’ of religion, relished a good sermon, but seemed to pick up more tips on public speaking than on saving his soul. He would listen avidly to the best pulpit performers, and would critique them later in his diary, noting how a good preacher held his audience by using his voice to create dramatic emphasis, or by gesturing with his arms to mark an emotional climax. Special praise was always reserved for Uncle Lloyd, whose sermons he admired, even if he was not convinced by their content. Throughout his life he continued to enjoy nonconformist services with their fervent hymn-singing and dramatic preaching, but he lived according to his own, very different, rules.
Richard Lloyd was a well-read and highly self-educated man. He took a close interest in his nephews’ and niece’s reading, and made good use of William George’s library. These books were treasured by the whole family, and were kept in a glass-fronted cabinet in the parlour. They included Shakespeare’s plays, Green’s History of England, Burnet’s History of the Reformation (six volumes), The Pictorial History of England by Charles Knight (eight volumes), a complete set of the Penny Encyclopaedia, Webster’s Dictionary, The Journals of George Fox, Arnold’s Life and Correspondence (two volumes), Hallam’s Constitutional History, Guizot’s History of the English Revolution and many language texts and books on education as well as classic works of literature.
In order to pass his law exam, Lloyd George needed to study Latin as well as a second language (Welsh, needless to say, did not count). Mr Evans could teach him some rudimentary Latin, but there was no one in the village who knew French. Uncle Lloyd was not to be deterred: a French primer had been among the first David Lloyd’s possessions, together with a copy of Aesop’s fables in French, and every evening, after a hard day’s labour in the workshop, Uncle Lloyd bent his head over a candle to teach himself French before passing on his knowledge to his nephew. In this way, often staying only one lesson ahead of his pupil, he succeeded in getting Lloyd George up to the required standard. He also painstakingly worked alongside the boy as they tackled the first volume of Julius Caesar’s De Bello Gallico and Sallust’s Catiline. The cost to his health and strength must have been enormous. Not only did he work hard into the evening, but also long into the night when the rest of the family was in bed, reading texts and preparing the sermons he delivered every Sunday to his congregation. But nothing was too much trouble for the boy he regarded as a son.
In October 1877 Uncle Lloyd accompanied his nephew to Liverpool, the longest journey of his life, to sit the preliminary examination, and on 8 December Lloyd George heard that he had passed. He was to look back on the day the postman bore the good news to Highgate as the most memorable day of his life. ‘On that day,’ recorded his mistress many years later, ‘he was treading on air, the future was heaven, everything seemed possible.’
(#litres_trial_promo)
Lloyd George was now ready to serve his articles with a law firm, if one could be persuaded to take him on. Through dogged enquiries and a lot of string-pulling by friends of the family, Randall Casson, of the firm Breese, Jones & Casson in Porthmadoc, agreed to give the boy a place as an articled clerk, with an initial six-month trial period. Betsy’s precious capital was raided to find the £100 (£8,000 at today’s values) needed to pay for his indenture, and a further £80 in stamp duty was found from the family’s barely adequate funds. David Lloyd George, aged fifteen, was finally on his way. Ahead lay fame, if not fortune, and the glittering career his family confidently expected. More immediate was the heady freedom of living away from his family for the first time in his life, and the opportunity it afforded to explore the worlds of politics—and girls.
3 Love’s Infatuated Devotee (#ulink_b18c366a-23ca-5bfb-9681-051c14a39ef5)
IN JULY 1878 DAVID LLOYD GEORGE packed his scant belongings and left Highgate for the wider world beyond Llanystumdwy. At fifteen, he was too young to be fully independent, and it was arranged that he should lodge in Porthmadoc during the week, returning home on Sundays. But his ambition was limitless, and his family urged him on, despite the daunting cost of his training and the sacrifices they would have to make to support him. Lloyd George’s success was their dearest ambition, their collective life’s work, and he could count on receiving the lion’s share of the family’s resources.
While he headed for Porthmadoc and all the stimulation that the world of work could offer, his sister Polly had returned home to Highgate and a life without prospects. She accepted her fate calmly, but a recurring illness over the next few years suggests that all was not well with her. In Richard Lloyd’s diary he records her poor health with deep sympathy. On one occasion, after she had been confined to bed for three weeks, he voiced his frustration at not being able to help her as he had helped her brother: ‘Would feel greatly relieved in mind were it in my power to put her in a respectable position in life, in a way of business, or some other occupation to suit her disposition and abilities. But for the present we must both in her and Wil Bach’s [Little William’s] case try and learn to labour and to wait.’
(#litres_trial_promo)
There is an intriguing suggestion here that Polly, unlike Betsy, was no home-bird, and would have been better suited to an occupation other than looking after the family in Highgate. She was quite different from her mother—the family thought she had inherited some of her traits from the formidable Rebecca. But she was needed at home, and even the limited career options that were possible for a young Victorian woman were closed to her. Any potential that lay in her for other achievements was unfulfilled, since unlike her younger brother William, who was to follow David into the law, Uncle Lloyd never did succeed in getting a better deal in life for Polly.
Polly did not complain. She seemed to channel any frustration she felt into promoting her brother’s ambitions. Her role was mainly domestic, caring for Betsy and Uncle Lloyd, and later becoming a second mother to her nieces and nephews. Her oldest nephew, Dick, remembers her as ‘a strong character, definitely uncompromising’. She might have been ‘narrow-minded in religious matters’, but she was open-hearted when it came to her nieces and nephews: ‘Everything we wanted her lavish, generous hand gave us.’
(#litres_trial_promo) Polly looked after the family well. She kept an eye on Richard Lloyd’s diet, and was capable of launching a ‘devastating counter-attack’ if he dared help himself to a second slice of apple tart.
After a few sleepless nights, the young Lloyd George began to settle down. He lodged with Mrs Owen and her husband in a house on Porthmadoc High Street, paying ten shillings a week for his bed and board out of the small cash allowance that Betsy gave him. He would get up early, between six and seven, and make himself useful at the office of Breese, Jones & Casson all day, carrying messages, copying documents and taking dictation. He worked hard, keen to persuade Mr Casson to take him on permanently. If he was lucky he could supplement his allowance with commission earned by collecting insurance premiums from Porthmadoc householders. At the same time, he did not neglect his studies. He had further law exams to take if he was to be successful, and he continued the habit that Uncle Lloyd had instilled in him of setting a daily reading target, taking notes as he went. He was spurred on by ambition, and also by competitiveness: ‘I feel I must stick to reading,’ he wrote in his diary on 17 September 1879, ‘or my time will be wasted and I shall be no better than the clerks and I am determined to surpass (DV).’
(#litres_trial_promo) This kept him out of trouble on the whole, although Mrs Owen had occasional cause to show him the rough side of her tongue for staying out late.
Lloyd George was bursting with ambition and youthful ideals. Primed by both temperament and upbringing to believe that he was capable of great things, he could not wait to make his mark on the world. His diary is striking in its similarity to that of his late father at the same age. But the son shows more steel. Perhaps because of the innate selfbelief which was one of his strongest characteristics, or because of the firm guidance he received from Uncle Lloyd, Lloyd George never doubted his ability to ‘get on’. His diary records his advice to himself and sets out his goals as he entered his articles:
Q. Your chief ambition? A. To promote myself by honest endeavour to benefit others.
