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Английский язык. Теория и практика. Артикль
Ричард Грант
Английский язык. Теория и практика #2
Артикль – The Article – это второе учебное пособие из серии Английский язык. Теория и практика.Освоив теоретический материал, представленный в данной серии и выполнив более 600 упражнений для самоконтроля, Ваш словарный запас будет состоять из более, чем 6 000 английских слов и выражений, что позволит Вам успешно сдать такие международные экзамены по английскому языку, как TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language), IELTS (International English Language Testing System) и другие.
Ричард Грант
Английский язык. Теория и практика. Артикль
Перед каждым нарицательным существительным должен стоять артикль.
Артикль не употребляется, если перед существительным стоит:
– притяжательное местоимение my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs
My (нет артикля) bicycle is very good. – Мой велосипед очень хороший.
– указательное местоимение this, these, that, those, it, such, the same
That (нет артикля) man is her father. – Тот мужчина – ее отец.
– другое существительное в притяжательном падеже
Her dog’s (нет артикля) name is Bob. – Имя ее собаки – Боб.
– количественное числительное
They have two (нет артикля) cars. – У них две машины.
– отрицание no (не not!)
I have no (нет артикля) friend. – У меня нет друга.
I am not a teacher. – Я не учитель.
Упоминая предмет впервые, мы употребляем перед ним неопределенный артикль a (an), который может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными, стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными или существительными во множественном числе неопределенный артикль опускается.
Артикль a ставится перед существительными, начинающимися с гласного звука, артикль an ставится перед существительными, начинающимися с согласного звука.
Ниже приведены неисчисляемые существительные, поделенные на несколько смысловых групп:
еда: meat, salt, bread, chocolate, soup;
жидкости: tea, coffee, lemonade, petrol, oil, shampoo;
материалы и вещества: gold, wood, sand, paper, coal;
абстрактные понятия: happiness, love, friendship, beauty;
предметы изучения и языки: chemistry, literature, Spanish;
болезни: flu, mumps, measles;
другое: money, furniture, weather.
Упоминая этот же предмет вторично, мы ставим перед ним определенный артикль the, который употребляется с исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми существительными в единственном и множественном числе.
This is a computer. The computer is new. (computer – исчисляемое существительное в единственном числе)
This is (нетартикля) meat. The meat is lean. (meat – неисчисляемое существительное)
These are (нетартикля) magazines. The magazines are interesting. (magazines – исчисляемое существительное во множественном числе)
Упражнения
Запомните:
This is a/an … , That is a/an … , It is a/an …
I have a/an … , He has a/an … , I see a/an …
I am a/an … , He is a/an … , She is a/an …
a lot of
В восклицательных фразах, начинающихся со слова what, далее следует неопределенный артикль a/an и отсутствует вспомогательный глагол to be.
What a good boy!
What a long story!
What a day!
What a smart girl!
What a lovely view!
What a pity!
What a surprise!
Если после глаголов to have, to cook, to make, to prepare, следуют слова breakfast/lunch/tea/dinner/supper, то артикль не употребляется.
Упражнение 1
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. This is … pen. That is … pencil. 2. When is your … birthday? – My … birthday is (on) … 1st May. 3. He hasn’t got … car. But he’s got … computer. … computer is new. 4. This is … book. It is my … book. 5. Do you remember your mother’s … birthday? Yes, I do. 6. His … friends have got … cat and … dog. … dog never bites … cat. 7. Is this your … pencil? – No, it isn’t my … pencil, it is my sister’s … pencil. 8. His … uncle is generous and her … aunt is very kind. 9. This is … tree. … tree is green. 10. I have … sister. My … sister is … engineer. My sister’s … husband is … doctor. They have got two … children. 11. That … man is very clever. His … book is recognized by a lot of people. 12. I can see three … boys. … boys are playing. 13. This is … girl. This … girl is their … daughter. Their daughter’s … name is Ann. 14. They know our … address. 15. I have … bicycle. … bicycle is black. My … friend has no … bicycle.
Упражнение 2
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. That is … boy. That … boy is her … brother. Her brother’s … name is Nick. 2. Their … son speaks English very well. 3. Our … room is large. 4. This is our … flat. 5. My cousin’s … dog is small. Its … hair is curly. 6. We wrote … dictation yesterday. … dictation was long. 7. We have got … car. Our … car is not very expensive but reliable. 8. Is this … watch? – No, it isn’t … watch, it’s … pen. 9. She has two … daughters and one … son. Her … son is … pupil. 10. I have no … pet. 11. This … pen is good, and that … pen is bad. 12. Last year I gave my … mother … bracelet for her … birthday. She liked … bracelet. 13. My granny has got … headache. She has no … idea what to do. 14. I can see … pencil on your … table, but I can see no … paper. 15. My … brother’s … friend has no … dog.
Упражнение 3
Вставьтеартикль, гденеобходимо.
1. I have … friend. His … name is Mike. My … friend is very good. 2. Give me … chair, please. 3. This … pencil is broken. Give me that … pencil, please. 4. It’s … cat. Its … tail is long and bushy. It’s Mike’s … cat. 5. They have … dog and two … cats. 6. She has … ball. … ball is … big. 7. It’s … lion. … lion is angry. 8. I have … spoon in my … soup plate, but I have no … soup in it. 9. I got … letter from my … friend yesterday. … letter was interesting. 10. My … friend says he is going to be … millionaire one … day. 11. When they were in Geneva, they stayed at … hotel. Sometimes they had dinner at … hotel and sometimes in … restaurant. 12. Would you like … orange? 13. I’ve got … idea. 14. Mr. Smith is … artist. Mrs. Smith is … poetess. She is not … singer. 15. What … surprise! Our … parents gave us … DVD player for Christmas
Запомните:
Фразы утром, днем (с 12 до 18 часов), вечером употребляются с предлогом in и определенным артиклем.
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
Фраза ночью употребляется с предлогом at без артикля.
at night
Фразы в школе, дома, на работе употребляются с предлогом at без артикля.
at school, at home, at work
Фраза смотреть телевизор употребляется без предлога и без артикля.
to watch TV
Упражнение 4
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. This is … pen. … pen is red. 2. I have two … sisters. My … sisters are … students. 3. These are pencils. … pencils are black. 4. We are at … home. 5. This is … soup. … soup is so tasty. 6. My … brother is not at … home, he is at … school. 7. In the morning I eat … sandwich and drink … tea. 8. My … mother is at … work. She is … doctor. 9. She gave me … coffee and … cake. … coffee was hot. … cake was very tasty. 10. I am not … doctor. 11. Do you like … ice cream? 12. He has no … sister. 13. I see … book in your … hand. Is … book interesting? 14. He is not … pilot. 15. Do you need … camera?
Упражнение 5
Вставьтеартикль, гденеобходимо.
1. I have thirty-two … teeth. 2. He never eats … meat, he always eats … vegetables, … cereals, … seeds, … fruit, and … nuts. He is … vegetarian. 3. He has … child. 4. This is … pineapple. … pineapple is delicious. 5. She has two … children. Her children are at … school. 6. Elaine, … apples are good for you! 7. Is your father at … home? – No, he is at … work. 8. My … cousin is upset. He’s got … sore throat. 9. Where is your … brother? – He is at … home. 10. This is … cottage cheese. … cottage cheese is fresh. 11. Where is your … mother? – She is at … home. 12. She bought … meat, … butter and … potatoes yesterday. She also bought … cake. … cake was … delicious. We ate … cake and drank … tea. 13. This is my … chair. 14. This is my … table. On … table I have … books, two … pencils, … pen and … paper. 15. This is … bag. … bag is brown. It is my sister’s … bag. And this is my … bag. It is … yellow.
Запомните:
Если перед существительным употребляется прилагательное, то оно стоит между неопределенным артиклем и существительным.
This is a car. This is a new book.
Даже упоминая предмет впервые, мы, тем не менее, употребляем перед ним определенный артикль:
а) если упоминаемый предмет является единственным в мире:
The sky is blue.
б) если этот предмет является определенным по ситуации:
Put the pen on the shelf.
Упражнение 6
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. We have … large … family. 2. What’s … weather like today? – … weather is fine. 3. This is … good … book. Take … book from … table. Put this … book in … bookcase. 4. My granny of-ten tells us … long … interesting … stories. 5. … sun is yellow. 6. … weather is fine today. … sky is blue. … sun is shining brightly in … blue … sky. 7. My … father is … engineer. He works in … factory. … factory is large. 8. … sky is grey today. 9. This is … boy. … boy is at … school. He is … pupil. This … boy is my … brother’s … friend. He has … cat, but he has no … dog. He likes his … cat. He gives … cat … milk every day. 10. My … mother is … doctor. She works at … large … hospital. She is at … work now. 11. … Earth is … planet. 12. Yesterday I received … letter from my … friend. … letter was important.
Упражнение 7
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. My … aunt is … teacher. She works at … school. … school is good. My … aunt is not at … school now. She is at … home. She is drinking … tea and eating … jam. … jam is sweet. I am at … home, too. I am drinking … tea and eating … sandwich. … sandwich is tasty. 2. We had … English lesson yesterday. … teacher asked me many … questions. … questions were difficult. 3. We live in … big house. I like … house very much. 4. My sister is at … school. She is … pupil. 5. Where is your … brother? – He is at … home. He is in his … room. He is sitting at … table. He is doing his … homework. … homework is difficult. 6. Are you … worker? – No, I am … student. 7. My cousin has … big … black … cat. My cousin’s … cat has two … kittens. … cat likes … milk. … kittens like … milk, too. 8. Our … cat is sitting on … sofa. 9. I like your … beautiful … flower. Give me … flower, please. 10. I am … engineer. 11. It is very dark in … room. Turn on … light, please. 12. My … mother is at … home. She is reading … marvellous … story.
Упражнение 8
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. My … son is … pupil. 2. Nick went into … bathroom, turned on … water and washed his … hands. 3. My … father is not at … home. He is at … work. He is not … lawyer. He is … doctor. He is … good … doctor. He works at … hospital. … hospital is large. 4. He is … good … pupil. 5. Ann turned on … television to watch … evening news. 6. That is… book. … book is thick. That … book isn’t thin. This is … interesting thick book. 7. This is … house. 8. She doesn’t often watch … TV. 9. Those are … books. … books are new and old. Those are … new and old books. Those … books are interesting. 10. This is my … laptop. 11. You can’t see … moon in … sky tonight. 12. You have some … pencils, but I have no … pencil. Give me … pencil, please. 13. It’s … small … animal that has … long … ears, … short … tail, and … soft … hair.
Запомните:
Если предложение начинается с вопросительного слова Where, то перед подлежащим следует определенный артикль.
Where is the … ?
Если предложение начинается с оборота There is, то перед подлежащим следует неопределенный артикль.
There is a … .
Упражнение 9
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. There is … big tree in … garden. 2.There is … wonderful small computer in … front of … books there. 3. I see … bottle of … pineapple … juice on … kitchen table. 4. There is … bank near here. – Where is … bank? 5. Where is … soup? – … soup is in … big saucepan on … gas cooker. 6. Her … son has … great … sense of … humor. 7. There is … new supermarket in … centre of our … town. 8. Where are … cutlets? – … cutlets are in … refrigerator on … little plate. 9. There was … disco at … club last Sunday but he didn’t go. 10. There is … hotel over there. … hotel isn’t cheap. 11. There is no … bread on … table. Where is … bread? 12. Is there … bus stop near … building? 13. Where is … cat? – … cat is on … sofa.
Упражнение 10
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. There is … little brown coffee table in our … room in … front of … sofa. 2. We have … big dog. … dog is very clever. 3. Where is … book? – … book is on … shelf. 4. Where is … table in your … room? 5. My friend has … very good computer. 6. Where are … flowers? – … flowers are in … beautiful vase. 7. There is … thick carpet on … floor in my mother’s … room. 8. This … boy is big. He is … student. 9. Where is … vase? – … vase is on … little table near … window. 10. Is your brother at … home? – No, he is at … work. He works in … big factory. He is … engineer. 11. There is … large piano in … hall. 12. Open … window, please. … weather is fine today. I can see … sun in … sky. I can see … nice little bird. … bird is sitting in … big tree. … tree is green. 13. My sister has many … books. … books are in … big bookcase. She has really … good … taste in … books.
Упражнение 11
