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Perdita: The Life of Mary Robinson
Paula Byrne
Sex, fame and scandal in the theatrical, literary and social circles of late 18th-century England.One of the most flamboyant women of the late-eighteenth century, Mary Robinson’s life was marked by reversals of fortune. After being raised by a middle-class father, Mary was married, at age fourteen, to Thomas Robinson. His dissipated lifestyle landed the couple and their baby in debtors' prison, where Mary wrote her first book of poetry and met lifelong friend Georgiana, the Duchess of Devonshire.On her release, Mary quickly became one of the most popular actresses of the day, famously playing Perdita in ‘The Winter’s Tale’ for a rapt audience that included the Prince of Wales, who fell madly in love with her. She later used his copious love letters for blackmail.This authoritative and engaging book presents a fascinating portrait of a woman who was variously darling of the London stage, a poet whose work was admired by Coleridge and a mistress to the most powerful men in England, and yet whose fortunes were nevertheless precarious, always on the brink of being squandered through recklessness, excess and passion.
Perdita
THE LIFE OF MARY ROBINSON
PAULA BYRNE
DEDICATION (#u44d7d24d-8fb6-525c-8e11-57fdb3214e53)
In memory of my grandmother,another Mary Robinson
EPIGRAPH (#u44d7d24d-8fb6-525c-8e11-57fdb3214e53)
I was delighted at the Play last Night, and was extremely moved by two scenes in it, especially as I was particularly interested in the appearance of the most beautiful Woman, that ever I beheld, who acted with such delicacy that she drew tears from my eyes.
(George, Prince of Wales)
There is not a woman in England so much talked of and so little known as Mrs Robinson.
(Morning Herald, 23 April 1784)
I was well acquainted with the late ingenious Mary Robinson, once the beautiful Perdita … the most interesting woman of her age.
(Sir Richard Phillips, publisher)
She is a woman of undoubted Genius … I never knew a human Being with so full a mind – bad, good, and indifferent, I grant you, but full, and overflowing.
(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
I am allowed the power of changing my form, as suits the observation of the moment.
(Mary Robinson, writing as ‘The Sylphid’)
CONTENTS
COVER (#ucae53cef-df36-5b9d-b65b-212ea40b09c3)
TITLE PAGE (#u43343a4a-4d0c-5b9f-8476-71f9151031fc)
DEDICATION (#uc1ae9feb-76fb-5343-8895-f88ec480cec1)
EPIGRAPH (#u08436d96-d990-5063-ab69-3c837475dc61)
PROLOGUE (#u43072ab3-aa69-5340-9071-8efeb2ae64fb)
PART ONE: ACTRESS (#ufdafe8a8-be31-5b8b-b2fb-22ab51a1cded)
1. ‘During a Tempestuous Night’ (#u185e6cd8-c3a0-53f1-b293-b270a7d16f46)
2. A Young Lady’s Entrance into the World (#u16a6bddd-cf3d-5381-b094-a39fa52e45d3)
3. Wales (#u5aa9d713-14e3-5794-91a6-26a503828ef4)
4. Infidelity (#udc516f88-171b-5d77-a63f-de4452e876b4)
5. Debtors’ Prison (#u785cec07-9a08-5948-87c0-4e17c064dba0)
6. Drury Lane (#uedb70516-036b-53fd-afd8-623abeed7f5c)
7. A Woman in Demand (#u5d76d077-fa9a-5fee-a32f-d39c8222bf53)
PART TWO: CELEBRITY (#ucaf48a7d-2939-5d0e-b5f7-65759ed82f1b)
8. Florizel and Perdita (#u4bcc50b1-fd17-5701-94ce-70e7af6134c8)
9. A Very Public Affair (#litres_trial_promo)
10. The Rivals (#litres_trial_promo)
11. Blackmail (#litres_trial_promo)
12. Perdita and Marie Antoinette (#litres_trial_promo)
13. A Meeting in the Studio (#litres_trial_promo)
14. The Priestess of Taste (#litres_trial_promo)
15. The Ride to Dover (#litres_trial_promo)
16. Politics (#litres_trial_promo)
PART THREE: WOMAN OF LETTERS (#litres_trial_promo)
17. Exile (#litres_trial_promo)
18. Laura Maria (#litres_trial_promo)
19. Opium (#litres_trial_promo)
20. Author (#litres_trial_promo)
21. Nobody (#litres_trial_promo)
22. Radical (#litres_trial_promo)
23. Feminist (#litres_trial_promo)
24. Lyrical Tales (#litres_trial_promo)
25. ‘A Small but Brilliant Circle’ (#litres_trial_promo)
P.S. IDEAS, INTERVIEWS & FEATURES … (#litres_trial_promo)
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Q AND A WITH PAULA BYRNE
LIFE AT A GLANCE (#litres_trial_promo)
TOP TEN BOOKS (#litres_trial_promo)
ABOUT THE BOOK
CELEBRITY (#litres_trial_promo)
READ ON
HAVE YOU READ?
IF YOU LOVED THIS, YOU MIGHT LIKE … (#litres_trial_promo)
FIND OUT MORE (#litres_trial_promo)
EPILOGUE (#litres_trial_promo)
APPENDIX: THE MYSTERY OF MRS ROBINSON’S AGE (#litres_trial_promo)
BIBLIOGRAPHY (#litres_trial_promo)
INDEX (#litres_trial_promo)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (#litres_trial_promo)
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (#litres_trial_promo)
NOTES (#litres_trial_promo)
PRAISE (#litres_trial_promo)
OTHER WORKS (#litres_trial_promo)
COPYRIGHT (#litres_trial_promo)
ABOUT THE PUBLISHER (#litres_trial_promo)
PROLOGUE (#ulink_ae3cba89-768a-564b-aeab-a268ab56d2f0)
In the middle of a summer night in 1783 a young woman set off from London along the Dover road in pursuit of her lover. She had waited for him all evening in her private box at the Opera House. When he failed to appear, she sent her footman to his favourite haunts: the notorious gaming clubs Brooks’s and Weltje’s; the homes of his friends, the Prince of Wales, Charles James Fox, and Lord Malden. At 2 a.m. she heard the news that he had left for the Continent to escape his debtors. In a moment of panic and desperation, she hired a post chaise and ordered it to be driven to Dover. This decision was to have the most profound consequences for the woman famous and infamous in London society as ‘Perdita’.
In the course of the carriage ride she suffered a medical misadventure.
(#ulink_e70ee19d-94f6-561c-8aed-7ddfd36caf34) And she did not meet her lover at Dover: he had sailed from Southampton. Her life would never be the same again.
Born Mary Darby, she had been a teenage bride. As a young mother she was forced to live in debtors’ prison. But then, under her married name of Mary Robinson, she had been taken up by David Garrick, the greatest actor of the age, and had herself become a celebrated actress at Drury Lane. Many regarded her as the most beautiful woman in England. The young Prince of Wales – who would later become Prince Regent and then King George IV – had seen her in the part of Perdita and started sending her love letters signed ‘Florizel’. She held the dubious honour of being the first of his many mistresses.
In an age when most women were confined to the domestic sphere, Mary was a public face. She was gazed at on the stage and she gazed back from the walls of the Royal Academy and the studios of the men who painted her, including Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was to painting what Garrick was to theatre. The royal love affair also brought her image to the eighteenth-century equivalent of the television screen: the caricatures displayed in print-shop windows. Her notoriety increased when she became a prominent political campaigner. In quick succession, she was the mistress of Charles James Fox, the most charismatic politician of the age, and Colonel Banastre Tarleton, known as ‘Butcher’ Tarleton because of his exploits in the American War of Independence. The prince, the politician, the action hero: it is no wonder that she was the embodiment of – the word was much used at the time, not least by Mary herself – ‘celebrity’.
Her body was her greatest asset. When she came back from Paris with a new style of dress, everyone in the fashionable world wanted one like it. When she went shopping, she caused a traffic jam. What was she to do when that body was no longer admired and desired?
Fortunately, she had another asset: her voice. Whilst still a teenager, she had become a published poet. Because of her stage career, she had an intimate knowledge of Shakespeare’s language – and the ability to speak it. So, as her health gradually improved, she remade herself as a professional author. Having transformed herself from actress to author, she went on to experiment with a huge range of written voices, as is apparent from the variety of pseudonyms under which she wrote: Horace Juvenal, Tabitha Bramble, Laura Maria, Sappho, Anne Frances Randall. She completed seven novels (the first of them a runaway bestseller), two political tracts, several essays, two plays and literally hundreds of poems.
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Actress, entertainer, author, provoker of scandal, fashion icon, sex object, darling of the gossip columns, self-promoter: one can see why she has been described as the Madonna of the eighteenth century.
(#litres_trial_promo) But celebrity has its flipside: oblivion. Mary Robinson had the unique distinction of being painted in a single season by the four great society artists of the age – Sir Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Gainsborough, John Hoppner, and George Romney – and yet within a few years of her death the Gainsborough portrait was being catalogued under the anonymous title Portrait of a Lady with a Dog. In the twentieth century, despite the resurgence of the art of life-writing and the enormous interest in female authors, there was not a single biography of Robinson. Before the Second World War, she was considered suitable only for fictionalized treatments, historical romances and bodice-rippers with titles such as The ExquisitePerdita and The Lost One. In the 1950s her life was subordinated to that of the lover she thought she was pursuing to France.
(#ulink_0d0d5a7d-d8be-5c8a-ac0f-8fa7ebbde71c) A book on George IV and the women in his life did not even mention Mary’s name, despite the fact that she was his first love and he remained in touch with her for the rest of her life.
(#litres_trial_promo) Finally in the 1990s, feminist scholars began a serious reassessment of Robinson’s literary career. However, their work was aimed at a specialized audience of scholars and students of the Romantic period in literature.
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When Mary Robinson began writing her autobiography, near the end of her life, there were two conflicting impulses at work. On the one hand, she needed to revisit her own youthful notoriety. She had been the most wronged woman in England and she wanted to put on record her side of the story of her relationship with the Prince of Wales. But at the same time, she wanted to be remembered as a completely different character: the woman of letters. As she wrote, she had in her possession letters from some of the finest minds of her generation – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft – assuring her that she was, in Coleridge’s words, ‘a woman of genius’. Royal sex scandal and the literary life do not usually cohabit between the same printed sheets, but in a biography of the woman who went from ‘Mrs Robinson of Drury Lane’ to ‘the famous Perdita’ to ‘Mary Robinson, author’, they must.
The research for this book took me from the minuscule type of the gossip columns of the Morning Herald in the newspaper division of the British Library at Colindale in north London to the Gothic cloister of Bristol Minster, where Mary Robinson was born. I stood below the incomparable portraits of her in the Wallace Collection tucked away off busy Oxford Street and in stately homes both vast (Waddesdon Manor) and intimate (Chawton House). In the Print Room of the British Museum I pored over graphic and sometimes obscene caricatures of her; via the worldwide web I downloaded long-forgotten political pamphlets in which she figured prominently; in the New York Public Library, within earshot of the traffic on Fifth Avenue, I pieced together the letters in which Mary revealed her state of mind in the final months of her life, as she continued to write prolifically even as she struggled against illness and disability.
I found hitherto neglected letters and manuscripts scattered in the most unlikely places: in a private home in Surrey, I opened a cardboard folder and found the Prince of Wales’s account of the night he saw ‘Perdita’ at Drury Lane, written the very next day, in the first flush of his infatuation with her; in the Garrick Club, among the portraits of the great men of the theatre who launched Mary’s career, I discovered a letter in which she laid out her plan to rival the Lyrical Ballads of Wordsworth and Coleridge; and in one of the most securely guarded private houses in England – which I am prohibited from naming – I found the original manuscript of her Memoirs, which is subtly different from the published text. I became intimate with the perfectly proportioned face and the lively written voice of this remarkable woman. Yet as I was researching the book, people from many walks of life asked me who I was writing about: hardly any of them had heard of the eighteenth-century Mary Robinson. So I have sought to recreate her life, her world and her work, and to explain how it was that one of her contemporaries called her ‘the most interesting woman of her age’.
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(#ulink_44ce5d9c-aa84-5a1b-aae3-0f4c1e54e5e9)As with many incidents in her life, the circumstances are not absolutely clear, as will be seen in chapter 15.
(#ulink_4eea274d-22eb-5e3d-bc45-f9d9da39fb7b)Robert Bass, The Green Dragoon: The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson (New York, 1957) – as the title reveals, the main emphasis is on Tarleton’s military career. Though Bass undertook valuable archival research, his transcriptions were riddled with errors, he misdated key incidents, and he failed to notice many fascinating newspaper reports, references in memoirs, and other sources. It is no exaggeration to say that his inaccuracies outnumber his accuracies: if Bass says that an article appeared one November in the Morning Post, one may rest assured that it is to be found in December in the Morning Herald.
PART ONE Actress (#ulink_d318ace2-77e3-53bf-a8e5-3daa40276ad3)
CHAPTER 1 ‘During a Tempestuous Night’ (#ulink_ade32f98-29a7-5109-b216-1a646d603d7d)
The very finest powers of intellect, and the proudest specimens of mental labour, have frequently appeared in the more contracted circles of provincial society. Bristol and Bath have each sent forth their sons and daughters of genius.
Mary Robinson, ‘Present State of the Manners, Society, etc.
etc. of the Metropolis of England’
Horace Walpole described the city of Bristol as ‘the dirtiest great shop I ever saw’. Second only to London in size, it was renowned for the industry and commercial prowess of its people. ‘The Bristolians,’ it was said, ‘seem to live only to get and save money.’
