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g) invented a new technology called Fantasound
12. All the terms in the left column below are mentioned in text 1. Match the terms with their definitions in the right column.
Grammar revision: regular and irregular verbs
Regular verbs
The past simple and past participle of regular verbs end in —ed.
Describe-described-described, include-included-included
Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs do not follow this rule. For some irregulars, all the three forms are the same.
Hit-hit-hit, let-let-let, put-put-put
For other irregular verbs, the past simple is the same as the past participle.
Tell-told-told, make-made-made, catch-caught-caught
With some other verbs, the three forms are different.
Write-wrote-written, do-did-done, show-showed-shown
There are some verbs that can be regular or irregular.
Burn-burned-burned or burn-burnt-burnt
Dream-dreamed-dreamed or dream-dreamt – dreamt
It is more usual to use the irregular forms in British English.
We use the past participle for making the perfect tenses and the passive forms.
The engineers have carried out numerous experiments with different audio formats recently. (present perfect)
The sound was playbacked through five channels: three front speakers and two rear ones. (past simple passive)
13. Some of these verbs are regular and some are irregular. Give their three forms. Work out the meaning of the words that you do not know from the context.
Example: hear-heard-heard
Go, see, be, write, manage, fill, incorporate, compose, call for, place, create, require, perform, know, carry out, trigger off, record, develop, store, playback, invent, become, show, curtail, use, dedicate, help, locate.
Use the verbs in your own sentences.
Vocabulary work
14. Look through the text and write a list of key words. Compare it with your classmate’s list. Make up new sentences with them.
TALKING AND DISCUSSING POINT
15. Think of a plan to the article. Make a summary of the article according to your plan.
16. Explain these words and expressions from the text.
To hear sounds in mono or stereo, vast cathedral spaces, conductor, audience, pioneering sound reproduction system, sans subwoofer, prototype, stereophonic sound, source of the sound, emergency, instantly.
17. What have you learnt from the text about the following?
– The Renaissance composers and their antiphonal church music
– Walt Disney’s Fantasound
– Bell Labs experiments
18. Speak on music. Comment on the statements.
– Music distracts us from daily routine.
– Can you imagine your day without music?
– A tuneful song barely heard out of the open window, a brass band playing somewhere at a distance, birds singing nicely in the garden… There is so much music around us that sometimes we do not even notice it.
WRITING
19. Write a composition on the topic (120—180 words).
So what is music?
20. Make a report, an electronic presentation or do a project on one of the following topics:
– The Renaissance music
– Hector Berlioz. His life and works
– Richard Wagner and his influence on music
– Bell Laboratories. Discoveries and developments
– Walt Disney’s Fantasia
CHECK POINT
21. Complete the following statements basing on the information in the first part of Unit 1. You do not need more than three words, symbols or numbers for each gap.
1) Renaissance composers wrote their antiphonal music with the sound of the choir or organ incorporating side-to-side or front-to-rear sonic effects to be played in…
2) Hector Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique was performed with the horns placed at the back of the…
3) Richard Wagner’s works were so impressive and complicated that they needed large orchestras; the musicians stood in the foyer, under the stage, and even among the people in the…
4) In the 1930s, specialists at Bell Labs experimented with three-channel stereo or system…, as well as with other multichannel audio formats.
5) Fantasound was the first sound reproduction system, which stored three… (3.1) and a control track on the film itself.
6) The sound in Fantasound was playbacked through five channels: three front speakers and two…
7) This speaker configuration in Fantasound, sans subwoofer, became the prototype of the…
8) Besides, the same group of Disney engineers created multitrack recording, panning and…!
9) Further development of surround sound technologies in entertainment was curtailed by…
10) Multichannel audio was utilized by the… for identifying the source of the sound.
Text 2. Part 2. The 1950—1980s
PRE-READING
1. What do you know about the following things:
– the arrival of the television;
– gimmicks used to make film watching more entertaining;
– home «hi-fi» arrangements
2. Look at the statement: «In the 1950s, the rise of the television became a real threat to the cinema.» Why do you think it happened? Work in groups of three or four and discuss your ideas. Report them to the class.
3. What do you think these words and word combinations mean?
Dominant source, public entertainment, film studios, technological advance, 3D glasses, auditorium, limit, economic factors, professionals, frustration, numerous technical problems, vinyl medium, aesthetic problems, full-range front channels, minimum number of speakers.
4. Name some more words and phrases you know relating to the subject.
SUBJECT AND LANGUAGE STUDY
Reading
5. Skim the reading passage to complete the statements.
The text considers…
It describes…
Each paragraph tells us…
6. Look through the passage and spot the answers to these questions.
1) What technological advances did the film studios introduce to fight the television?
2) Why did the idea of the four-channel configuration Quad fail?
3) When did the system 5.1 appear?
By the early 1950s, the movie certainly remained the dominant source of public entertainment. Nevertheless, the rise of the television became a real threat to the cinema. In fact, the growing popularity of the television influenced meaningfully the profits of the film industry. The film studios fought back desperately introducing one technological advance after another. Though some of them were just gimmicks to attract viewers (things like 3D glasses), other ones, such as the wide-screen cinemascope, eventually developed into significant improvements. Another achievement worth mentioning was a four-channel stereo (three front speakers accompanied by a switchable «effects» speaker). Soon after that, 70 mm 6-track film was invented. It had five front channels (left, left/center, center, center/right, right) plus a dedicated effects channel placed in the auditorium. However, mastering these technologies was limited by certain economic factors.
Home audio systems were also evolving greatly. By the 1960s, home «hi-fi» arrangements were all the rage. Stereo sound replaced monaural as a standard. The stereo recordings of a ping – pong ball bouncing between speakers stimulated the rise of today’s consumer surround sound.
In the early 1970s many professionals felt a kind of frustration at the scanty abilities of two speakers leading to research into the consumer surround sound which resulted in an analog four – channel configuration called Quad. It was a progressive idea going ahead of its time. It failed, however, beset by numerous technical (inability of the vinyl medium to carry four discrete signals without strong crosstalk and compromises in frequency response), economic (there were a lot of competing, non-compatible formats) and even aesthetic problems (the public did not completely understand the psychoacoustics of the four-channel sound.)
However, by the late 1970s, the first digital audio sets made an appearance at the market. The film industry was pushing forward its positions, too. Dolby Laboratories started their work at a matrixing system «Dolby Stereo» where three front speakers and an array of rear speakers received information through four channels derived from two stereo channels that were printed optically onto film. Dolby professionals also made an introduction of a separate «boom» subwoofer channel, or so called the «LFE channel» (which stands for Low Frequency Effects). It effectively increased dynamic range (the difference between the softest sound and the loudest sound perceived) in cinematic installations.
By the mid – 1980s, the system 5.1 was supposed to be a standard for 70 mm cinematic releases. It was composed of three full-range front channels (left, center, right), two full-range rear channels, and a subwoofer. In the name «5.1» the». 1» stands for the LFE channel because it carries only approximately one – tenth of the frequency range of the other channels. Researchers considered this as being the minimum number of speakers needed to supply the listener with an enveloping, immersive sound perception, as well as providing a sufficient level of localization (the capability to receive a sound as coming from a definite point in space). The 5.1 is still the most common configuration used for surround sound today.
Essential glossary
• profit – прибыль, выгода
• advance – продвижение, достижение
• gimmick – приём, трюк, уловка
• viewer – зритель
• improvement – улучшение, усовершенствование
• achievement – достижение
• switchable – переключаемый
• dedicated channel – выделенный канал
• be all the rage – достигать крайней степени, предела
• monauralsound – монауральный, относящийся к одному уху, монофонический
• consumer – потребитель
• research – научное исследование
• vinyl medium – виниловый носитель
• crosstalk – перекрёстные помехи, диафония
• frequency response – частотная характеристика
