The Origin of the Planet’s Toponyms

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Anticipating and waiting for the sunrise and its appearance is “raz” (ra-az). Then the sun has already appeared, it is “za – ra” or “zarya” (dawn). Everything is extremely simple. It is surprising that the heads of the Institute of the Russian language, who have all kinds of academic degrees and titles, do not know such simple things. I happened to meet the rising of the sun on Shamanka (Shaman Rock) in the ancient settlement of Arkaim on the day of the summer solstice. It is an extraordinary feeling when it is already light, but the sun is not visible. And suddenly the first ray, and hundreds of joyful people which hands are raised. It is not bad that the ritual of meeting the sun has been revived, even in such a modest form.

The preposition “s” (without) indicates the absence of something. It is not easy to determine how this preposition appeared in colloquial speech. There is a version that the preposition “s” is related to the roots “bezh” and “beg” (running). Could it be related to hunting when the prey ran away? Of course, the version is not very convincing. There is also a regular version. The preposition consists of two protoroots: “po” and “za”. In this case, we are talking about something unattainable, which is “za” (beyond) the limits of the possible.

The preposition “cherez” (through) can help us to understand the meaning of the preposition “s”. Despite the apparent complexity, it is quite simple to understand. Let us divide the preposition into protoroots: “che-re-za”. “Che” is “water”, a slightly modified protorootroot of “s”. The aggressive root “r” is what cuts. For example, “reka” (river) is a way cut by water: “re-ka”(ga), “bereg” (shore) is “po-re-ga”, “along the river”. Well, we already know the preposition “za” (behind). What happens? Something and somewhere, behind something cut, separated by water? Something beyond the water, beyond the river, beyond the puddle? Moreover, the ancient preposition is constructed in the same way as the word “seredina” (middle). Only in the “seredina” instead of the “za” root, the “dono” root. “s” is water, “re” is to cut or divide and “dono” is a deep channel or depth. The seredina (middle) is a synonym for the words “mezha” and “messo” and appeared with the participation of the same “voda” (water). If you think a little, you can understand that the whole line of single-root words: Greek “καρδιά”, Latin “cordia”, English “heart”, German “Herz” – it is all from our “seredina”, from our “serdtse” (heart). Even when we are idly strolling along Jerusalem’s Cardot Street, we can remember that the origins of the name are in our great and mighty, amazing and native Russian language.

However, such a seemingly simple preposition “pered” (in front of) is both easy and difficult to explain. I can assume that the meaning-forming ones are the protoroots “po”, “p” and “do”. “Pr” is “along some kind of aggression.” For example, the thresholds in the toponym Dnipro (dono-pr). “Do” is a kind of insurmountable obstacle. That is, “pr-do” is “along an aggressive and insurmountable obstacle.” But that would be too easy. It is impossible not to take into account the combination of the roots “re” and “do”. To cut, “redit’” or “ryadit’”, “to row”, divide into parts. Therefore, I can propose the following version. “Pr-do” is overcoming an obstacle. If “to-do” is overcoming the obstacle “from above”, then “to-do” is “aggressive overcoming”. The words “predshevstvuushchiy” (preceding), “perviy” (first) and others are of the same root. The one who paves the way. The one who follows, he already passes through the punched dyru (hole), “v-tr”. He is the second. It is a very curious version. Moreover, in terms of meanings, it is completely consistent with the ancient Indian vitaras – “leading on”. But, as the outstanding Russian linguist Alexander NikolaevichDragunkin once wrote to me, we can never be absolutely sure that this is how the language sounded thousands of years ago. However, do not be discouraged. At one time, Titus Lucretius Kar in the book “De rerum natura” also operated with guesses, but the desire to understand the processes of being, to establish cause-and-effect relationships was very useful for those who followed, for the “second”. Therefore, I suggest readers to think independently at their leisure about the meaning and origin of the ancient preposition “pered”.

Well, the preposition “dlya” is a combination of the words “do” and the soft “l”. “Do-lya” is the distance to something desired, loved or moving towards it. The Russian word “dolya” (fate) came out of this ancient notion.

16. The combination of protoroots (ancient prepositions) “do” and “no”: “dono”

Let us imagine that our ancient ancestors, traveling, came to a deep river. The leader wanted to wade through it, poked a stick into the water, but the stick did not rest anywhere. There is no stop, there is no limit. There is no “do” – deep down to it. He looked back at his fellow tribesmen, threw up his hands and said: Do no [dɔnɔ]. May be he spoked differently, but the combination of the protoroots (ancient prepositions) “do” and “no” formed a complex protoroot “dono”, which explains that there is no limit (dnois bottom). It is deep. Now the simplified word “dno” has the opposite meaning: a certain surface, a rest under water. However, this meaning became “dno” when deep rivers seemed to be an abyss bezdna (without a bottom). It is interesting to trace the way of protoroot from the understanding of “glubina” (depth) to the name Abadonna, personifying the diabolical power, the image of which Mikhail Bulgakov borrowed from ancient religions, for example, the Hebrew ǍḇaddōN – death, decomposition, annihilation, cessation of being. Probably, it seemed like hell for our ancestors when the waters of the Don River absorbed an unlucky tribesman and he could not get out of this abyss – dno. Understanding the “glubina” (depth) created not only the terrible word “ad” (hell) – “a-ba-ad-do-no”, but also popular now “Armageddon”, the meaning of which is the flooding of the earth – “ar” – with water: the same world flood that happened, happens and will happen in the future. Someday compatriots will learn to understand our great language and they will discover the innermost secrets lying on the surface.

17. Protoroots “kov”, “sak” and “skvo”

in the names of the locality

The root “kov” (gov) is quite common in geographical names. This is our Moskva (Moscow) (Moskov), and Koblenz, and Kovel, and Spanish Covadonga, and hundreds of others. What does the root “kov” mean? If we look into the English dictionary, we will see that the word “cow” has several homogeneous meanings. “Cov” is primarily a female. Moreover, a female elephant, and a female whale, and a female seal, and a female rhinoceros, and in general a female of all more or less large animals, and, of course, a female cow. What does this “cov” mean? Let us look at the protoroots: “ko” is both something round and some kind of movement. “V” is both “vnutri” (inside) and “zhizn’” (life). How did ancient hunters distinguish males from females? Well, first on the genitals. “Kov” is the name of the female’s sexual organ, literally: “circle giving life” or “circle of life”. The values could expand, change, but for our ancestors it was clear that the female, unlike the male, could reproduce offspring. The protoroot “kov” has been preserved not only in the English word “cow” – a female of a large animal, but also in the words: cavalier, podkova (horseshoe), govyadina (beef), in many other words and most accurately in the Ukrainian word “kovbasa” is a dish from the head of a female animal.

We have puzzled out the protoroot “Kov”. What is “sak”? It is clear that males do not have “kov”. In addition to phallic strength, they are distinguished from females by the scrotum, a pouch with seminal fluid. In the ancient language, the bag was called “sak”. In Latin – “sacculi”, in English – sac; in Greek, the word sounds a little different, but the root basis was preserved: askos – a bag, a scrotum. Hence is the word “sex”. This short word, however, has retained two protoroots: “sk” and “s”. The first means “a bag”, the second means “water”, and “liquid”. In other words, we are talking about the seminal fluid of male animals, and the word itself was originally used as a term in cattle breeding, denoting the male sex. Later, they began to call the process of mating animals, when bulls were brought to cows. Well, nowadays people have dragged this word on themselves. How could the word “sak” appear? “S” is water, and “ak” is from the protoroot “yag” or “ya-ga”, it is “the way down”, which received the meaning of “sacrifice”. Baba Yaga is the one who sacrificed to the swamp fires, the swamp. What could “water sacrifice” mean? Water could not flow out from this cavity. The “imprisonment” of water in some kind of stone bag that people could use as a vessel. Therefore, the word “sak” got the meaning of “bag”, which is still used today. For example, the word “sakvoyazh” is a bag for “voyage”, travelling bag.